1. Continental Shelf cooling and Exchange Processes Emin Özsoy, IMS-METU

2. Shelf areas of Mediterranean and Black Seas

3. Continental Shelf Pump The continental shelf pump is a mechanism transporting dissolved or particulate carbon from shallow continental shelf waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. * the shallowness of the continental shelf restricts convection of cooling water * as a consequence, cooling is greater for continental shelf waters than for neighbouring open ocean waters * this leads to the production of relatively cool and dense water on the shelf * the cooler waters promote the solubility pump and lead to an increased storage of dissolved inorganic carbon * this extra carbon storage is augmented by the increased biological production characteristic of shelves (e.g. Wollast, 1998) * the dense, carbon-rich shelf waters sink to the shelf floor and enter the sub-surface layer of the open ocean via isopycnal mixing

5. Thickness of lines show relative size of river discharge

6. MedOC4-SeaWiFS-derived (1998-2005) chlorophyll Climatological Annual Mean [mg/m 3 ]

15. Salinity, April 1995 (Beşiktepe, 2000)

16. Gravity currents, Hüsrevoğlu, 1999

17. Dense Water formation on shallow continental shelf areas: Shapiro, Huthnance, Ivanov JGR 2003 Ivanov, Shapiro, Huthnance, Aleynik, Golovin, 2004 61 cases role: continental shelf pump- carbon sequestration, oxygen, nutrient budgets, ocean climate (interm. w.) mechanisms: cooling, evaporation, freezing (brine ejection) Adriatic (Rizzoli, 1994, Bergamasco, 1999, Vilibic, 2004, 2005, Bignami, 1990, 1991) North Aegean (Theocharis, 1993, Zervakis, 2000, D. deMadron,2005) Black Sea (Ivanov, 1999, Stanev) Gulf of Iskenderun ?extreme years? (Ozsoy, 1991) Arctic, antarctic, north Atlantic, north Pacific, Labrador Sea (lots of references, see Sahpiro, Ivanov papers) Japan and Okhotsk Seas (Talley, 2003) Bass Strait – Australia (Luick, 1994) Lake Geneva (Fer, 2001)

20. Shapiro et al., 2003 Rate of chg = heat loss + replacement transport equilibrium: Time dependence Whitehead (1993):

22. Tanaka, 2006