1. Turkey Finance, Accessibility, Content

2. Newspaper Access 39 National Newspapers 2,459 newspapers in circulation Circulations: 95 per 1000 inhabitants Most align with mainstream populism 55 national newspapers 23 regional newspapers 2,381 local newspapers Zaman: most popular, 1 million in circulation

3. Radio Access Radio broadcasting began in 1927 From 1964 to 1994, Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) had a monopoly over radio broadcasting Nearly 1100 radio channels across the country Many independent, national, regional, and local radio stations in numerous languages available throughout the country

4. Television Access Main information and entertainment source in Turkey Average daily TV viewing per person is 5.09 hours First private television channel did not launch until 1990 24 national, 16 regional, and 215 local television stations Parliament lifted government monopoly on television in 1993

5. Internet Access 34.5% internet penetration (26.5 million people) Up from 7.5% ten years ago All national newspapers and television channels have web editions Turkish government provides free internet access to poor families in rural areas Recent controversies 2014 – restricted Twitter and YouTube for criticizing Muhammad 2015 – Facebook pages featuring Muhammad blocked in entire country

6. Media Content Newspapers provide more content regarding the political environment and most of the national newspapers (other than state-run Zaman) maintain relatively neutral standings. Local and regional newspapers tend to be more radical. Television content is a blend of news, entertainment, sports, sit-coms, and locally made dramas (soap operas). International channels like BBC and CNN provide most of the global news. Internet has been censored more in recent years and the government is attempting to block all insults to the prophet Muhammad. Government has provided poor, rural areas with access to “useful websites” that are mostly state-run government agency or news sites.

7. Financing of Media Most local newspapers, radio stations, and television stations struggle to increase penetration due to lack of funding. This makes breaking down the state-run monopoly very difficult. Listener supported stations began increasing in the mid- 90’s and are still on the rise. Advertising market in Turkey is considered to be small which makes it difficult for small entrepreneurs to enter the broadcasting market.

8. Sources http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-by-numbers- ii.aspx?PageID=238&NID=76681&NewsCatID=398 http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-by-numbers- ii.aspx?PageID=238&NID=76681&NewsCatID=398 https://freedomhouse.org/country/turkey http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/turkey