1. Cellular Respiration 10.3.11 – 10.6.11

2. Jammin’ to ATP Glucose, Glucose Oxidative Phosphorylation Check out www.science-groove.org/

3. Glucose, Glucose Glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You are my favorite fuel | From the blood-borne substrate pool. | Glucose -- monosaccharide sugar -- | You're sweeter than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe the way my muscles take you in. | (For you, they'll open the door.) | All it takes is a little bit of insulin | (To upregulate GLUT4). | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You help me make ATP | When my predators are chasing me. | Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar, | And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down. | (My glycogen is almost gone.) | A few more seconds and I'll be rigor mortis-bound. | (Acidosis done me wrong.) | Your sweet is turning sour, baby. | I'm losing all my power, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Now I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | I used you up and you left me flat; | Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat. | Oh, glucose, glucose, sugar, sugar, | The honeymoon is over now.

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation Do you see the athletes run? Do you see the children crawl? Every soul beneath the sun -- Ox phos fuels them one and all. You can't see inside their cells; If you could, here's what you'd see: Small cigar-shaped organelles Synthesizing ATP. Matrix protons get pumped out To the intermembrane space. Then they take an inward route Through the ATP synthase. [Preacher's message:] Fuel the muscles. Feel the sunshine. Feel the ATP. See the children. See the athletes. Ox phos fuels us you and me. In the morning, In the mid-day, In the afternoon. In the evening, In the late night, Ox phos fuels us me and you. When I feel up, When I feel good, When I'm movin' 'round, When I sit up, When I stand up, When I make my sound. All right, now. Oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation....

5. Jammin’ to ATP Glucose, Glucose Oxidative Phosphorylation Extra Credit: Choreograph and perform a dance for oxidative phosphorylation!!!! Check out www.science-groove.org/

6. What do you remember?! 1. What is an autotroph? 2. What is a heterotroph? 3. What do all food chains start with? 4. What do glucose, glycogen, and starch have in common? 5. Why do we eat? (don’t you dare say “to live”)

7. M ETABOLISM, ENERGY, AND LIFE What is metabolism?  The totality of an organisms chemical reactions…  Ex in you: breaking down starch into glucose molecules, breaking down glucose in cellular respiration to make ATP, building muscles, building triglycerides to store excess energy…  So we basically either break stuff down or build stuff…

12. Focus Questions How does ATP couple reactions in cells?

13. 6.1 – The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways What is a catabolic pathway?  Breaks stuff down and releases energy What is an anabolic pathway?  Builds stuff and uses energy How are catabolic and anabolic pathways coupled?  The energy RELEASED from catabolic pathways is USED in anabolic pathways!!

14. CFU Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important processes in plants. Which of these processes is catabolic? Which is anabolic? Which process stores energy? Which process releases energy?

15. 6.2 – Organisms transform energy What is energy? The ability to do work…  Kinetic energy –  Potential energy –  Chemical energy – How is chemical energy released or used?  Break the bonds! (often by combustion!)

16. Focus and Recap Questions Recap: How do we release chemical energy? How do we store chemical energy? How does ATP couple reactions in cells?

17. Exergonic Reactants Products Energy Released Endergonic Reactants Products Energy Required

18. 6.5 – ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions A cell does 3 main kinds of work: 1. mechanical work – 2. transport work – 3. chemical work –

19. ATP = adenosine triphosphate You down with ATP? Ya, you know me

20. Who’s down with ATP? Every last homie  When is energy released from ATP, and which bonds are said to be “high energy”?  How does ATP perform work? (hint: phosphorylation)  How is ADP regenerated?

21. Who’s down with ATP? All the homies p. 95

22. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy YOU MUST KNOW The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration. The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle. How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.

23. How do we get something to explode? Light it on fire!!! Blow it up!!! YA!! But what’s happening chemically? What gas has to be present in order for something to blow up?

24. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose At the atomic level, oxidation deals with transferring electrons… When you “oxidize” something, it loses electrons Since the electrons carry energy, the energy is transferred

25. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose What do we say happens to the substance that loses the electrons?  Since it loses the electrons (and gets less negative) we say it gets “oxidized” What happens to the substance that gains the electrons?  Since it gains the electrons (and gets more negative) we say it gets “reduced” Oxidation-Reduction reactions are abbreviated “Redox”

26. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose How can you remember which gains and which loses? OIL RIG  Oxidation Is Loss  Reduction Is Gain

27. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose Let’s Model REDOX!!!  REMEMBER OIL RIG!! The orange balls represent electrons What happens when you LOSE an electron? What happens when you GAIN an electron? How can we pass the energy across the room without any of us moving??

28. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose This is how energy gets transferred in cellular respiration!! Oxygen has a pretty high electron affinity, so it’s at the end of the chain So why do we need oxygen???

29. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION – BIG PICTURE Who: which organisms do cellular respiration? What: what are the general inputs and outputs of the process? When: when did it evolve? When does it occur? Where: where in the cell does it occur? Why: why is it so important?

30. An Overview of Cellular Respiration

31. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy HARVESTING ENERGY BY EXTRACTING ELECTRONS  Energy based on electrons and their energy levels!! o The more excited an electron is, the higher its energy level!  Electrons transferred = maintain energy if stays in same energy level  Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons (REDOX) o Remember: OIL RIG  Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons)  Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)  partial redox!?- based on electron affinity (or the tendency of an atom to gain electrons) o move from less electronegative molecule to a more electronegative molecule and drop in energy level (slowly becoming oxidized from C-H bonds to “O bonds”)  NAD + (a coenzyme, by the way) o NAD + + 1e - + 1H = NADH o NADH will carry (or transfer!) these e - and p + to the e - transport chain (ETC)

32. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Using what we know…  We know cellular respiration makes ATP  We know it uses oxygen  We’ll start from the end and work backwards…

33. Mitochondria

35. Cellular Respiration ATP Synthase is like a motor – as it turns, it attaches a phosphate to ADP to make ATP How does it turn? (hint: how does a wind mill or a water mill turn?...)  Hydrogen ions (or H+) flow through ATP Synthase, turning it! How do the hydrogen ions get into the cristae?... H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

36. Cellular Respiration REDOX!! OIL RIG  Electrons are lost by one substance and gained by another Just like we passed the electrons in class, electrons are passed down the electron transport chain But the electrons don’t travel alone… they travel with a proton… H + The electron is accepted by the ETC and the proton (H + ) goes into the cristae H + +e- H + +e- H + +e-

37. Cellular Respiration Each oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons (H+) forming water (a product of cellular respiration!!) The buildup of the H+ inside the cristae can now flow through ATP synthase, bonding a P to the ADP Since this phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP uses oxygen, we call it oxidative phoshporylation So where do the electrons and protons come from?? H+H+ e- H+H+ H+H+ O + 2 e - + 2 H +  H 2 0 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

38. Let’s Model It!! 3 volunteers to be carriers = NAD 3 volunteers to be protons (H+) 3 volunteers to be the ETC 3 volunteers to hold the protons in the cristae 1 volunteer to be ATP Synthase 1 volunteer to be oxygen

39. Cellular Respiration Each oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons (H+) forming water (a product of cellular respiration!!) The buildup of the H+ inside the cristae can now flow through ATP synthase, bonding a P to the ADP Since this phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP uses oxygen, we call it oxidative phoshporylation So where do the electrons and protons come from?? H+H+ e- H+H+ H+H+ O + 2 e - + 2 H +  H 2 0 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

40. Cellular Respiration NADH and FADH 2 are the proton/electron carriers!! When “unenergized” they exist as NAD+ and FAD NAD+ picks up one electron and proton and carries it to the ETC FAD picks up two electrons and protons and carries them to the ETC So where do the FADH 2 and NADH get their protons and electrons?... e- + H +

41. Let’s start with glucose…

42. Starting from the Finish…

43. Recap Pyruvate 3 C Pyruvate 3 C Glucose 6 C 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + e- ETC 2 ATP 4 ATP CO2CO2 NAD+ NADH + e-ETC CoenzymeA AcetylCoA (Acetyl = 2 C) NAD+ NADH + e- FAD FADH 2 + e- 2 CO 2 ATP NADH + e- Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvate 3 C NADH + e- Net: 2 ATP Glycolysis Where do the NADH and FAD 2 go???

44. H+H+ e- H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H + +e- H + +e- H + + e- ADP + P ATP NADH + e- FADH 2 + e- NAD+ FADH Back for more H+ and e-!!! O + 2 e - + 2 H +  H 2 0 Which part of cellular respiration requires oxygen? What do we call the process of making ATP from this step? What do we call the process of making ATP without oxygen? In which part does this type of ATP formation happen? Proton Gradient = concentration of H+ higher inside membrane than outside Chemiosmosis  flow of ions across membrane

45. Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle ETC Which part of cellular respiration requires oxygen? What do we call the process of making ATP from this step? What do we call the process of making ATP without oxygen? In which part does this type of ATP formation happen?

46. Let’s Act It Out!! Why is oxygen important? What happens when there’s no oxygen?

47. Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle ETC So which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? How much ATP can we get without oxygen?

48. The Respiration Dance The sun shines down Electrons are excited Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose Animals eat it, digest it, transport it Lub Dub, Lub Dub Glucose enters the cells with the help of insulin It’s broken down into two pyruvic acid Which enter the Krebs cycle Electrons are stripped off And go down the electron transport chain Poof… ATP

49. When there’s no oxygen… Which steps can we do without oxygen? Which steps can’t we do? So… how much ATP can we get with fermentation?

50. Pyruvate 3 C Pyruvate 3 C Glucose 6 C 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + e- 2 ATP 4 ATP Pyruvate 3 C When there’s no oxygen… Net: 2 ATP ETC? NO! Because the ETC requires oxygen to accept the electrons from NADH and FADH 2 … Fermentation  NADH and FADH2 donate to alcohol in alcoholic fermentation (yeast  bread, beer)  NADH and FADH2 donate to lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation (skeletal muscles… BURN!!!)

51. Regulation of Cellular Respiration Do we always need the same amount of ATP? When might we need more or less? What substances regulate the rates of reactions? (hint: they’re proteins…) How do we regulate the action of enzymes?

52. Did-you-get-it Quiz 1. Which process or processes do you think the “original anaerobic bacteria” used? A. Glycolysis B. Cellular respiration C. Photosynthesis 2. Where specifically do the following take place? A. Glycolysis B. Kreb’s cycle C. ETC 3. What are the roles of the following molecules in cellular respiration? A. Glucose B. NADH C. O 2 D. ATP Synthase

53. Applying What We Know You may work together!  Self Quiz: 2 – 15 Next Class: Quiz and LAB!!  Read the lab and answer questions 1 – 3

54. Warm-up 1. Which process or processes do you think the “original anaerobic bacteria” used? A. Glycolysis B. Cellular respiration C. Photosynthesis 2. Where specifically do the following take place? A. Glycolysis B. Kreb’s cycle C. ETC 3. What are the roles of the following molecules in cellular respiration? A. Glucose B. NADH C. O 2 D. ATP Synthase

55. Recap – Key Terms and Ideas What drives the formation of ATP? Where do the electrons for the ETC come from? Where do the proton pumps (proteins that… pump… protons) get the energy to pump protons from? Why is the inner membrane folded?

56. Quiz