1. Cellular Respiration KEY WORDS: Oxidation Reduction NAD/ NADH FAD/ FADH 2 Cellular respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle Electron transport chain ATP synthase

2. Food is used to energize ATP

3. Electrons transfer energy to Energize ATP REDOX REACTIONS Oxidation = Losing electrons Reduction = Gaining electrons TIP: OIL RIG Gradual transfer of electrons provides most energy (ATP) from food

4. Main Players: Making ATP Food used to make ATP and NADH & FADH 2 Electrons provide energy to pump H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane NAD+/H carry electrons FAD/H 2 carry electrons H+ provide energy for synthesis of ATP O 2 final electron acceptor in ETC Cytosol location of glycolysis Mitochondria location of Kreb’s cycle & ETC ATP Synthase brings together ADP and P to make ATP

5. Obtaining Energy from Food C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Organisms extract energy from food over several steps in small “bite sized” pieces C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy 6CO 2 +6H 2 O ATP

6. Cellular Respiration Occurs in 3 stages: 1.Glycolysis 2.Kreb’s cycle 3.ETC

7. 1. Glycolysis Takes place in the cytoplasm NAD+

8. A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 1) Good News! You don’t need to know the steps of glycolysis! You need to know what goes in and what comes out But here are the steps, FYI…

9. A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 2)

10. A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 3)

11. A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 4)

12. What’s Happened so far? Glycolysis O 2 Used ? Glucose C now Product: ATP # NAD H # Glycolysis glucose

13. What’s Happened so far? Glycolysis O 2 Used ? Glucose C now Product: ATP # NADH # GlycolysisNoPyruvate22 pyruvate glucose

14. Electron carriers

15. Some energy captured as electrons Energy in food in form of high energy electrons Electrons captured when food is broken down Held by electron carriers NADH, FADH

17. NAD + as an electron shuttle

18. Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism

19. After Glycolysis Pyruvic Acid shipped into mitochondria One carbon is removed as CO 2 Attach Coenzyme-A  Acetyl-Co-A Make one NADH for each pyruvic acid

20. 2. Krebs Cycle Remaining two carbons removed as CO 2 For each Acetyl-Co-A: Make 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH 2

21. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 1)

22. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 2)

23. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 3)

24. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 4)

25. This is what you need to know

26. What’s Happened so far? Krebs Cycle Original C of glucose are now ATPNADHFADH 2 Glycolysis2 pyruvate22 Acetyl CoA formation 2 CO 2 & 2 acetyl CoA 2 Krebs Cycle Total glucose

27. What’s Happened so far? Krebs Cycle Original C of glucose are now ATPNADHFADH 2 Glycolysis2 pyruvate22 Acetyl CoA formation 2 CO 2 & 2 acetyl CoA 2 Krebs Cycle4 more CO 2 262 Total6 CO 2 4102 glucose

28. 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Electrons give up energy as passed along Electrons are passed between several molecules

29. What is oxygen for? Receives electrons at the end of the ETC With H +, forms water

30. ATP synthase Works like hydro-electric dam Large concentration gradient of H+ builds up across the mitochondrial membrane

31. *H+ is pumped against its gradient into the mitochondrial matrix. *Energy for active transport comes from electrons

32. Harnessing energy in small steps allows the cell to get more energy that can be used to do work

33. Free energy of electrons decreases as they are passed through the ETC

34. Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis

35. ATP synthase, a molecular mill

37. 1.Enzymes 2.ATP 3.NAD + 4.vitamins 5.proteins You need energy to think, to keep your heart beating, to play a sport, and to study this book. This energy is directly supplied by _____, which is (are) produced in the process of cellular respiration.

38. 1.transported... becoming more energetic 2.digested... becoming more energetic 3.reduced... losing electrons to it 4.oxidized... losing electrons to it 5.oxidized... gaining electrons from it Energy transfer in living things works through redox reactions, in which one substance is _____ by another substance, thereby _____.

39. 1.glycolysis... the Krebs cycle... yield of electrons transported to the ETC 2.glycolysis... the ETC... yield of electrons transported to the cytosol 3.Redox reactions... fatty acid breakdown... yield of calories 4.The Krebs cycle... the ETC... numerous redox reactions 5.The Krebs cycle... the ETC... fatty-acid breakdown _____ and _____ are important not so much for the ATP produced in them, but for their _____.

40. 1.2 2.8 3.24 4.36 5.75 At most, how many molecules of ATP can be produced per glucose molecule in cellular respiration?

41. 1.both atmospheric nitrogen and the oxygen for energy transformation 2.oxygen to donate electrons to 3.nitrogen to donate phosphate groups to oxygen 4.oxygen to act as the final acceptor of electrons in the ETC 5.oxygen to donate phosphate groups to ADP, making it ATP We need to breathe because we need

42. Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation live off glycolysis alone

43. Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol + CO 2 + NAD+ Vinegar

44. Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+

45. Fermentation allows the cycle of glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+

46. Fermentation

47. An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 1)

48. An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 2)

49. Substrate-level phosphorylation

50. An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 3)

51. Max of 36 ATP per Glucose

52. What is all of the ATP used for?