1. SIX KINGDOMS & DOMAINS
Section 9.1 cont….

2. The Kingdoms of Life
The Greek philosopher Aristotle, divided all living things into two large groups, known as kingdoms: Plantae & Animalia.

3. Along Came The Microscope
Classifying organisms became more difficult after the microscope was invented.
The new tool revealed a previously unknown world of living things.
Some microscopic organisms have characteristics of both plants and animals.

4. Protista
In 1866, the German biologist Haeckel proposed classifying microorganisms that are neither animals nor plants into a third kingdom: Protista.
EuglEEna

5. Fungi – The Fourth Kingdom
As biologists learned more about the structure and way of life of different organisms, they added more kingdoms.
Fungi, originally in the plant kingdom, do not carry out photosynthesis. They obtain food by absorbing materials into their bodies.

6. Eubacteria
Eubacteria consist of very small cells that differ in appearance from the cells of the other kingdoms.
Bacteria lack a nucleus and other organelles.
They are classified in a fifth kingdom: Eubacteria.

7. Archaebacteria
During the 1990s, there was growing interest in certain types of bacteria found in extreme environments, such as salt lakes or hot, acidic springs.
New studies found that these bacteria were very different from other bacteria.
The new data led scientists to rename and reclassify these microorganisms into a sixth kingdom: Archaebacteria.

8. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
The study of cells is an important first step in understanding the diversity of life.

9. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Eubacteria, archaebacteria
Protists, plants, fungi, animals
Small
Large
DNA circular, not bounded by membrane
DNA in nucleus bounded by membrane
Genome: 1 chromosome
Genome: Many chromosomes
Cell Division not by mitosis/meiosis
Cell Division: mitosis/meiosis
Asexual reproduction common
Sexual reproduction common
Multicellular forms are rare
Most are multicellular
Mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are absent
Mitochondria and other organelles present
Many are anaerobic
Most are aerobic

10. Fossil Evidence
The first forms of life were prokaryotic organisms similar in appearance to bacteria.
First prokaryotes appear: 3.5 billion years ago.
First eukaryotes appear: 1.5 billion years ago.
First multicellular organisms appear: 700 million years ago.

11. The Three Domains
Recent research on the cell has shown that living prokaryotes are far more diverse than anyone had previously suspected.
This research led to a new level of classification above kingdoms, known as domains.
The domain system better reflects the evolutionary history of life.
The three domains are: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria and Eukaryota.

12. Domain Eukaryota Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
The greatest biological diversity occurs within the Kingdom Protista.
For example, there is a much greater genetic difference between some species of protists than there is between, for example, corn and humans.

13. Eukaryota Domain Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia # of Cells
Eubacteria
Archae-bacteria
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
# of Cells
Unicellular
Uni
Mostly
uni
Mostly multi
Multi
Nucleus No
Yes
Cell Wall
Some
Nutrition
Autotroph and Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Reproduction
Asexual
Asexual and Sexual
Sexual

14. Homework:
P. 334 #5,6