1. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. CHAPTER 43 Order Diptera (Flies)

2. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. This fly, Rhaphiomidas trochilus (Apioceridae), exhibits the halteres (white object beneath the base of the forewings) that characterize the Diptera. Adult apiocerids suck nectar of flowers but spend much time simply sitting on sandy surfaces.

3. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.1 Musca domestica, the housefly (Muscidae).

4. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.2 Structural features of Diptera: a, lateral aspect of pterothorax of Nematocera (Tipulidae, Holorusia); b, dorsal aspect of same; c, lateral aspect of pterothorax of Brachycera (Asilidae, Mallophora); d, longitudinal section through pterothorax of Tabanus (Tabanidae).

5. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.3 Mouthparts of adult Diptera: a, primitive nematoceran type (Tipulidae, Ctenacroscelis); b, piercing-sucking type (Culicidae, Culex); c, sponging type (Muscidae, Musca).

6. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.4 Cephalic structure of larval Diptera: a, Nematocera (Chironomidae, Tanytarsus fatigans); b, Brachycera, Orthorrhapha (Asilidae, Dasyllis), c, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha (Anthomyiidae, Spilogona riparia).

7. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.5 Representative Diptera larvae: a, Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Forcipomyia specularis); b, Nematocera (Culicidae, Aedes stimulans); c, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha (Muscidae, Musca domestica); d, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha (Anthomyiidae, Fannia canicularis).

8. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.6 Wings of Nematocera: a, Tanyderidae (Protoplasa); b, Cecidomyiidae (Contarinia sorghicola); c, Simuliidae (Simulium argus); d, Deuterophlebiidae (Deuterophlebia); e, Blephariceridae (Agathon comstocki); f, Tipulidae (Nephrotoma wulpiana).

9. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.7 Wings of Nematocera: a, Anisopodidae (Sylvicola fenestralis); b, Mycetophilidae (Mycetophila fungorum); c, Ceratopogonidae (Culicoides variipennis); d, Chironomidae; e, Psychodidae (Pericoma truncata); f, Culicidae (Culex tarsalis).

10. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.8 Representative Nematocera: a, Culicidae (Anopheles freeborni); b, Cecidomyiidae (Mayetiola destructor); c, Simuliidae (Prosimulium mixtum); d, Psychodidae (Psychoda); e, Ceratopogonidae (Culicoides variipennis).

11. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 43.9 Taxonomic characters of Nematocera: a, tarsus of Bibionidae; b, frontal view of head of Sciaridae; c, frontal view of head of Mycetophilidae.