1. Powered by Rock Dr Liam Herringshaw lgh865@hotmail.com Earth's Energy Systems

2. Class 3: Oil & Gas

4. Origins Organic matter Burial generates hydrocarbons by 'cracking' Depth/temperature: – Oil window – (60–120 'C) – Gas window – (>100 'C) Methane = CH4

5. Kerogens Type I – Sapropelic Cyanobacteria, freshwater algae = oil Type II – Planktonic Mostly marine, mixed oil/gas Type III – Humic Terrestrial plant matter, produces gas

6. Conventional hydrocarbons

7. UK Oil & Gas - onshore

8. UK Oil & Gas - offshore Gas discoveries late 1960s Oilfields 1970s onwards

10. The case for oil & gas Your arguments in favour (with reference/s)

11. The case against oil & gas Your arguments in opposition (with reference/s)

12. The economics of oil Increasingly expensive, increasingly imported

13. Unconventional hydrocarbons

15. Britain for shale? (Figure from DECC report)

17. UK prospects?

18. UK targets Carboniferous NW England Jurassic SE England

19. Carboniferous (Image from BGS report)

20. Jurassic * BGS/DECC currently investigating resources * Durham/Newcastle – new NERC catalyst grant (Image from BGS report)

21. Fracking seismicity

22. Does fracking cause earthquakes? Yes Professor Pete Styles, Keele University

23. Should we be worried? Not really Professor Pete Styles, Keele University

24. Induced Seismicity Redrawn from Davies et al. (2012)

25. Mitigation techniques Structural geology: – Understand tectonic history – Avoid unidirectional weaknesses

26. Does fracking pollute aquifers? From 'Gasland'

27. Fracture propagation Redrawn from Davies et al. (2012) <1% risk of vertical frack >350m 600m minimum safe separation distance

28. Fracking fluids?

29. 4000 holes in Blackpool Lancashire?

30. Well density Carboniferous – Bowland Shale thicker than US shales – 1300 Tcf resources? – 5% recoverable = 65 Tcf – 2.5-5 Bcf per well – = 13,000-26,000 wells – 10 wells per pad – = 1300-2600 pads But many uncertainties

31. Well integrity Leakage rate? Is UK well-prepared?

32. 24 Jan 2013 23 Jan 2013 Consensus?

33. Resources www.refine.org.uk Research briefs Translations Videos News

34. Next week: Nuclear FOR – make an argument in favour of nuclear power AGAINST – make an argument against Is nuclear part of our future energy mix?