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Chapter 9 Water Resources
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Aquifers - small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment where water is found Unconfined aquifers - an aquifer that is simply porous rock covered by soil Confined aquifers - an aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay Groundwater
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Water table - the uppermost level at which the water in an area fully saturates the rock or soil Recharge – the process of water percolating into an aquifer Springs - water from an aquifer that naturally percolates up to the surface Groundwater
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Cone of depression - an area where there is no longer any groundwater due to over-pumping of a well Groundwater
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Saltwater intrusion - when the pumping of freshwater out of a coastal well is faster than the recharge, causing saltwater to infiltrate the aquifer Groundwater
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http://dnr.wi.gov/lakes/publications/under/f1d.jpg Lakes A lake is a large body of relatively still water, surrounded by land
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Oligotrophic (“few nutrients”) low nutrient supply low primary productivity clear water, few plants & fish Lakes
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Eutrophic (“good nutrients”) excess supply of nutrients high primary productivity murky water, large phytoplankton population Lakes
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Nutrients in Lakes
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Productivity: Oligotrophic - low productivity Mesotrophic - a moderate level of productivity Eutrophic - high levels of productivity Lakes
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Levees - an enlarged bank built up on each side of the river to prevent flooding Altering the Availability of Water
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Dikes - similar to a levee, but built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land http://www.deltawerken.com/English--- The-Delta-Works-/1469.htmlhttp://www.deltawerken.com/English--- The-Delta-Works-/1469.html Altering the Availability of Water
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Dams - a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water Reservoir - the area where water is stored behind the dam Altering the Availability of Water
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16 Dams & Reservoirs
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Fish ladders - a set of “stairs” with water flowing over them to help migrating fish get upstream of a dam Altering the Availability of Water
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canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to anotherAqueducts - canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another Altering the Availability of Water
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19 Destruction of Aral Sea 19
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Destruction of Aral Sea http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/F eatures/WorldOfChange/aral_sea. phphttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/F eatures/WorldOfChange/aral_sea. php
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Desalination - removing the salt from salt water to obtain fresh water Altering the Availability of Water
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Desalination – Distillation
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Desalination – Reverse Osmosis
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Agriculture is the largest user of water around the world Irrigation
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Furrow irrigation - a trench that is flooded with water Irrigation Techniques
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Flood irrigation - the entire field is flooded with water Irrigation Techniques
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Spray irrigation - an apparatus that sprays water across a field Irrigation Techniques
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Drip irrigation - using a slow dripping hose that is laid on or buried beneath the soil Irrigation Techniques
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Hydroponic agriculture - crops grown in fertilized water and no soil Irrigation Techniques
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Industry is the second largest user of water worldwide Industry and Household Needs
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Households are the third largest user of water worldwide Industry and Household Needs
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33 Water Conservation Gray water – water from showers, sinks, dishwasher, etc. that is stored, filtered, and used on lawn/garden
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Water ownership – people can have rights to water use, but they do not own the water Water conservation - using techniques such as more efficient water fixtures, faucets and washing machines. The Future of Water Availability
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