1. Evaluation of Spatial Repellents Under Semi-field and Field Conditions Daniel L. Kline USDA-ARS, CMAVE Gainesville, FL dan.kline@ars.usda.gov

2. Spatial (area) repellents Spatial (or area) repellent products are intended to significantly reduce the number of mosquitoes (and potentially other biting flies) in a defined area over a designated period of time.

3. Military Objectives Protect Individual Soldier  Sentry duty  Special Operations Protect Community of Soldiers  Tent  Whole Encampment

4. Effects On Target Species Mortality True Repellency Expellency

5. Commercial Products Tested---2009 o Hot Shot No Pest Strip---2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% o SC Johnson’s Clip-On---metofluthrin 31.2% o ThermaCell---d-cis/allethrin 21.97%

6. Semi-field Tests

7. 4 ft2 ft 4 ft 8 ft Mortality Effects

9. Hot Shot with 2,2-diclorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Aedes aegypti Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling ) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate S N Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

10. Hot Shot with 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Aedes taeniorhynchus Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate NS Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

11. Hot Shot with 2,2-diclorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Stomoxys calcitrans Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate SN Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

13. Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Aedes aegypti Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate S N Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

14. Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Aedes taeniorhynchus Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate S N Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

15. Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Stomoxys calcitrans Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate SN Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

17. ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Ae. aegypti Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate SN Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

18. ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Aedes taeniorhynchus Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate SN Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

19. ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Stomoxys calcitrans Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Mortality rate SN Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor) (Open end)

20. Repellency Effects

21. Mosquitoes Released Into Each Cage Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (500) Aedes aegypti (500) Flies Released Into Each Cage Stomoxys calcitrans (500)

25. Arkansas Field Studies

27. 13 trap nights Five species captured  Psorophora columbiae  Anopheles quadrimaculatus  Culex erraticus  Culex salinarius  Aedes vexans

28. Arkansas Field Studies None of the candidate spatial repellents prevented mosquitoes from finding the traps. Traps equipped with ThermaCELL captured significantly fewer mosquitoes.

29. What’s Next: Additional Compounds Linalool Geraniol DEET TL-I-73 transfluthrin analogue 1% prallethrin 1-Methylpiperazine 1-Ethylpiperazine 1-Methylpyrrolidine Kamal’s compounds

30. What’s Next: Delivery Systems

32. Attract and Kill Technologies Spatial repellents and artificial barrier treatments against Anopheles mosquitoes under field conditions What’s Next:

33. Collaborators Ulrich Bernier Jerome Hogsette Kamal Chauhan James Dunsford Todd Walker David Dame Max Meisch

34. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Joyce Urban who did all the hard work Jolene Malicoate for rearing Aedes aegypti Haze Brown for rearing Aedes taeniorhynchus Heather Furlong for rearing Stomoxys calcitrans