1. HHS 4M Individuals and Families in a Diverse Society Unit Three – Couples Chapter Six – Marriage, Intimate Relationships, & Society

2. Introduction Chapter Six – Marriage, Intimate Relationships & Society Chapter Seven – Intimate Relationships & Marriage Chapter Eight – Relationships Issues & Trends

3. Introduction The Purpose of Marriage The History of Marriage Contemporary Marriage & Intimate Relationships Why People Marry Identity Legal Matters: Marriage & Cohabitation The Future of Marriage

4. The Purpose of Marriage Marriage defined: “a socially legitimate sexual union, begun with a public announcement & with some idea of permanence & assumed with a more or less explicit contract” “a socially legitimate sexual union, begun with a public announcement & with some idea of permanence & assumed with a more or less explicit contract” Marriage varies widely; give some examples.

5. What is a Pair-Bond? A pair-bond is essential to the survival of humans Defined as an “an enduring relationship” Ensures reproduction & protection of children Natural, biological thing – to fall in love is a human trademark

6. Structural Functionalists View of Marriage Marriage is a social institution that developed as an important part of human need –brings order to society –sexual reproduction –socialization of children Division of labourDivision of labour Functionalist argue that people are happiest if they marry

7. People Marry for Personal Reasons Many believe that being married confers their adult status – within society & family Today people might have sexual relationships before marriage, but often marry because they want children Marriage allows individuals to share resources to improve the standard of living Provides a sense of purpose Getting married is a cultural expectation Many social circles are based on couples Social Exchange Theory – believe that being married is better than being single

8. 1 Betrothal A promise to marry 2 Bride Price The payment by a groom or his family to the bride’s family 3 Conjugal Relationships A relationship based on sexual union; includes marriage & cohabitation 4 Dower Rights The rights of a wife to a share of her husband’s property if he dies before her 5 Dowry The payment, in the form of money, land, or household items, given to a bride by the bride’s family to help her set up her new home

9. Terms 6 Egalitarian Relationships Intimate relationships in which men & women share the responsibilities rather than adhere to fixed gender roles 7 Expressive Role Women’s emotional role of providing support for their families 8 Instrumental Role Men’s goal-oriented role of providing for the family by working & earning an income 9 Matrilocal When a family or kinship group is located near the wife’s family 10 Pair-bond The enduring relationship between men& women, thought to be essential to human survival & a trademark of being human

10. Terms 11 PatrilocalWhen a family or kinship group is located near the husband’s family 12 PolyandryThe practice of a wife having several husbands 13 PolygynyThe practice of a man having more than one wife 14 Serial MonogamyMarriage to several spouses, one after another 15 PatriarchyFamily organization in which men wield power & are the decision makers

11. The History of Marriage Marriage is one of the earliest developments as humans began to organize themselves Biological father could be identified Little to do with love Family became the economic unit Polygyny was more common than monogamy This changes as the male can no longer support more than one wife Polyandry occurs as the nation is so poor that multiple men need to support one wife

12. Polygyny

13. Polyandry

14. Marriage in Ancient Times Refer to textbook – page 165 – 166 Hebrew Roman Middle Ages

15. Marriage in Canada Aboriginal tribes were matrilineal (female trace) & matrilocal (women remains near her family) Marriage might only occur when a child is born Some marriages were arranged Fathers were given legal authority over their wives & children

16. Marriage in Canada French & British settlers brought to Canada patriarchal, patrilineal (male ancestor) system of the Christian Church Marriage contracts by the Hudson Bay Company 19th century marriages were arranged, but many still were free-choice Dated under the supervision of their parents Divorce was illegal in Ontario until 1930 & in Quebec until 1968 Divorce was granted for few reasons without proof of adultery In 1968, divorce became legal - federally

17. Contemporary Marriage & Intimate Relationships Almost all Canadians pair for marriage or other conjugal relationships at some point in their life If divorced, many continue to form a second union: 88% of adolescents aged 15 to 19 expect to marry & stay with the same partner for life –At what age to Canadians marry or form other relationships? –What is the purpose of marriage? –How has the changing role of women affected marriage? –What role does cohabitation have in Canadian society?

18. The Timing for Marrying Two key elements – social clock & personal readiness to make the change Canadians believed that … –Age 24 is the best to marry –Age 25 is the best to have first child Stats Canada states (2006): –Age 29 married for women _ Age 31 married for men Most young adults are delaying marriage, but not postponing sexual activity. Most cohabit before they marry, but it is not clear whether cohabitation is a cause or an effect of delayed marriage

19. Why People Marry Spouses expect to be… Close friends, to love one another, & to support each other - 1984 stat – 75% of females consider “love strongly” as a necessity for happiness –Having a lasting relationship as a couple was necessary for happiness _ Husbands and wives assume they will enjoy an active sex life National Fertility Study (1994) 40% of women state sexual attraction was absolutely necessary for marriage 75% said sexual fidelity was necessary for a marriage to last Marriage adds something positive to a relationship

20. Reasons Why People Marry Top 8 Reasons Why People Choose Partners and Marry (2004) According to a 2004 Vanier Institute of the Family survey, Canadians of all ages reported that getting married at some point was “very important” (80%) 1Belief that marriage signifies commitment 2Moral values 3Belief that should have married parents 4Natural thing to do 5Financial security 6Religious beliefs 7Pressure from family 8Pressure from friends

21. Top 10 Characteristics That People Want in a Partner (Vanier Institute of the Family) 1Honesty 2Kindness 3Respect 4Compatibility 5Humour 6Dependability 7Love 8Values 9Religious Commonality 10Communication

22. Identity in Marriage Marriage acquires the status of husband & wife Symbolic Interactionism – by interacting with others who see them as a husband or a wife, individuals take on the appropriate martial role Identity must be adjusted to share themselves with another Smaller families require less emphasis on parenting and greater emphasis on marriage Some are more willing to marry and others less willing Sometimes people marry after a crisis – death of a parent, war Flip side to that, some people who have experienced their parent’s divorce are less like to marry Women who are cohabiting are more likely to separate from their relationship than if they were married

23. The Economics of Marriage Typically… Men have a goal-oriented instrumental role of providing for the family – working & earning an income While, women have an emotional expressive role of providing a supportive home for husband and children Many men & women associate marriage with negative gender roles Men feel pressure to provide Women feel pressure in housework/childcare while maintaining a career Dual-income families are becoming the norm, thus equalitarian relationships allow men & women to share responsibilities

24. Cohabitation Why do people cohabit? How common is cohabitation? What is the marriage rate for cohabiting couples?

25. Cohabitation 60% of young Canadians live together in their first conjugal relationship – 1997 In the 2006 Census, 11% of adults were common-law partners Most people see living together before marriage is a prelude to marriage National Fertility Study 1993 70% of married women & 82% of divorce/separated aid that “cohabiting was acceptable as insurance that marriage will last” – but, less acceptable if the couple does not make a long term commitment” 63% of Canadians will marry after living together for an average of 2.3 years

26. The Future of Marriage Despite the common assumption that men & women will meet, fall in love, marry in their early 20’s and stay married to the same partner – there has been constant change in the pattern of marriage Stable divorce rate Couples who no longer love one another no longer need to stay together Cohabitation would also threaten the stability of marriage Perhaps the various controversies concerning the choice to marry will require a redefinition & clarification of marriage & intimate relationships for future generations

27. Sources Holloway, Maureen, Holloway,G., Witte, J. (2003) Individuals and Families in a Diverse Society. McGraw-Hill Ryerson., Toronto. The Vanier Institute of the Family (2010). Families Count: Profiling Canada’s Families. Canadian Heritage., Ottawa. http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-10153654-married- couples.phphttp://www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-10153654-married- couples.php http://www.impactlab.net/2010/03/20/study-married-couples-twice-as-likely- to-become-fat/onslow-and-daisy-keeping-up-appearanceshttp://www.impactlab.net/2010/03/20/study-married-couples-twice-as-likely- to-become-fat/onslow-and-daisy-keeping-up-appearances http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/imag es/polygyny_family_nigeria.jpg&imgrefurl=httpttp://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/imag es/polygyny_family_nigeria.jpg&imgrefurl=http http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.examiner.com/images/blog/ wysiwyg/image/marriage(14).jpg&imgrefurl=http://