1. Radio and TV How the medium affects the message

2. Pragmatics conversation narration for much of the game Sports commentaries Generally the account of what happens on the pitch will be given without reference to the audience in any explicit sense The commentator will usually address them at the start of the broadcast, with the formula: "Welcome to [name of ground] where [description of the weather as it may affect the spectacle and the match]..." The commentator may not address the audience directly again, though this commonly happens when the match is very exciting or very dull (at which point, the commentator will tell them that they are, or are not, missing an entertaining game).

3. Lexis cricket names of different bowling deliveries (bouncer, full toss, googly, leg break, off break, Yorker) and the fielding positions (covers, deep extra cover, fine leg, gully, silly mid-off, slips, third man) football goal, free-kick… extensive use of the names of the participants usually by last name only… the audience is expected to know them well enough anyway

4. Grammar elliptical forms commentator slips between present and past tense verb forms to create a distinction between what is happening now, and what has just happened

5. Discourse structure sports commentary is quite clearly constrained by the event it shows to the audience Opening titles. Pre-match: build-up, interviews, player and team information, highlights from recent games and so on. First half: commentary (really narration) and expert summarizing (often comment). Half time: discussion of first half, analysis of important events, replay of highlights. Second half: commentary (really narration) and expert summarizing (often comment). Post-match: discussion of game, analysis of important events, replay of highlights, discussion of implications for team, players and manager. Closing titles and production credits.

6. Phonology indication of the pace of the commentary, and the frequency and length of pauses accent

7. Live phone-in programmes How the medium affects the message real time spontaneity and risk familiar technology

8. Pragmatics likely to be the most important area of language theory taking and keeping turns; conversational maxims and the cooperative principle; politeness theory; phatic tokens.

9. Lexis

10. Grammar elliptical forms phrases used as minor sentences simple sentences

11. Discourse features Phonology