1. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy 1991 - 1999 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Workshop in honor of Gordon Garmire's 70th birthday June 14-15, 2007 Harvey Tananbaum The Later Days of AXAF-Chandra

2. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy AXAF RESTRUCTURING: Jan 1992 - Aug 1992 Driven by tight budgets, projected costs of Station and other science missions Driven by Charlie Pellerin - Director of Astrophysics Division at NASA HQ Players included HQ, MSFC, AXAF SWG, TRW,... Costs of servicing HST becoming apparent - exceed costs to build and launch Meetings, conference calls, trades - cost, schedule, and science capability Considered at least 18 options over the Jan-June time-frame  Baseline + 11 M' options in LEO with 4 or 6 mirror pairs and 2 or 3 SIs - rejected on basis of cost (all but 1 included servicing) or schedule, or loss of science  4 options in HEO with 1-3 mirror pairs and 1-2 SIs (no servicing) - issues with costs, schedule, and esp science Agreed on option with 2 missions: AXAF-I in HEO (3 or 4 mirror pairs) & 2 SIs (plus gratings) and AXAF-S in LEO with foil optics & micro-calorimeter

3. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell at HDOS

4. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Cleaning and Coating Mirror Shells at OCLI

5. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy CXO Mirror Fabrication at EK

6. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy XRCF Aerial View

7. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Deconvolved Image of Full HRMA

8. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy ACIS

9. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy ACIS at XRCF

10. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Optical Bench at TRW

11. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy CXO Telescope Assembly at TRW

12. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Integration of ISIM to OB

13. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Thermal Vacuum Test at TRW

14. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Spacecraft Rollout at TRW

15. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Launch Date established in 1993: Aug 28 1998 10/97Flight software problems  launch slipped to Dec 3 1998 4/98Problems with software needed to test safe mode 6/98ACIS door fails to open in thermal vacuum test at TRW  launch slipped to Jan 23 1999 10/98Swap 1 s/c electrical switching box and add testing, problems with interface units, failure of electrical relays (sunshade door) on another s/c  launch scheduled NET Apr 8 1999 1/99Bad connections in circuit boards used in C&DM system on another s/c  launch slipped 5 weeks to May 1999 2/4/99Ship to KSC but delay unloading for 2 days due to another issue with ACIS door 4/9/99IUS failure on Air Force launch  launch slipped to July 9 1999 Potential conflicts with launch pad upgrade, hurricane season, and Columbia refurbishment if launch slipped beyond August 8 7/12/99IUS failure resolved and cable connection checked for Chandra  launch set for July 20 7/15/99Cracks reported in capacitors used in ACDS and SSR; resolved as cosmetic with no impact Launch Delays

16. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy AXAF Becomes Chandra Mrs. Chandrasekhar with contest winners Jatila van der Veen (center) and Tyrel Johnson

17. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Delivery of Chandra to Columbia on Pad 39-B

18. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Chandra in Orbiter Bay at KSC

19. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy STS-93 Crew July 20 - launch aborted due to possible fuel leak July 22 - launch canceled due to nearby thunderstorms L+5s - short circuit disabled computers controlling 2 of 3 engines L+? - plug patch blows out, punches small holes and creates small fuel leak Columbia returns - Shuttles grounded for several months

20. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Columbia Ready to Launch

21. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Chandra Launch

22. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Chandra Winging Skyward

23. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Deployment of Chandra on July 23, 1999

24. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Deployment of Chandra Continues

25. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Columbia Moves Away from Chandra

26. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Reaching High Earth Orbit via IUS and IPS

27. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Time-line for Key Activation Events 07/23/99 Launch Chandra/IUS Deploy Inertial Upper Stage Burns 1 & 2 Solar Array Deploy IUS/Chandra Separation 07/24/99 Integral Propulsion (IPS) Burn 1 07/25/99 IPS Burn 2 07/26/99 HRC Door Open 07/31/99 IPS Burn 3 08/04/99 IPS Burn 4 08/07/99 IPS Burn 5 08/08/99 ACIS Door Opening Sequence 08/11/99 Aft Contamination Cover Open 08/12/99 Sunshade Door Open First X-ray Image (Leon X-1) Aspect Camera First Star Solution 08/17/99 Safe Mode #1 08/19/99 Recover from Safe Mode #1 08/19/99 ACIS First Light (Cas A) 08/30/99 HETG First Light 09/05/99 LETG First Light

28. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Team Members at OCC During First IPS Burn

29. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy MSFC Management Team after 3rd IPS Burn

30. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Gordon Garmire & Martin Weisskopf Celebrate First ACIS Image

31. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Image of Leon X-1

32. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Team at OCC for Official First Light

33. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy First Light

34. 40 Years of X-ray Astronomy Cas A