2. Microminerals Trace elements required in small amts. Also measured in mg’s per kg of body weight.

3. Iron (Fe) Aids in activation of O2 and O2 transport (hemoglobin and myoglobin)

4. Iron Deficiency Anemia Rough hair coat Listlessness Decreased growth

5. Iron Excess Anorexia Decreased serum albumin concentrations Hepatic dysfunction What does hepatic mean?

6. Zinc (Zn) Activator of 200 known enzymes including protein synthesis and carb metabolism, skin and wound healing, immune response, fetal development, and growth rate.

8. Zinc Deficiency Anorexia Alopecia Impaired reproduction Vomiting Hair depigmentation Conjunctivitis

9. Zinc Excess Relatively non-toxic, there are reported cases of toxicity due to consumption of pennies.

10. Copper (Cu) Catalyst of hemoglobin formation, cardiac function, cellular respiration, connective tissue development, pigmentation, bone formation, myelin formation, immune function. Copper mineral water

11. Copper Deficiency Anemia Decreased growth Hair depigmentation Bone lesions Aortic rupture Reproductive failure

12. Copper Excess Hepatitis and increased liver enzyme activity.

13. Manganese (Mn) Activation of enzyme, lipid, and carb metabolism, bone development, reproduction and cell membrane integrity.

14. Manganese Deficiency Decreased growth (rare in cats and dogs) Impaired reproduction

15. Manganese Excess Relatively non-toxic

16. Selenium (Se) Immune function, interacts with vitamins E to help prevent cellular damage.

17. Selenium Deficiency Muscular dystrophy Reproductive failure Subcutaneous edema Renal mineralization

18. Selenium Excess Vomiting spasms Staggered gait Salivation Decreased appetite Dyspnea “Garlicky breath” Nail loss

19. Iodine (I) Aids in thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

21. Iodine Deficiency Goiter Fetal resorption Rough hair coat Enlarged thyroid glands Alopecia Apathy Myxoedema (A mucinous degeneration with thickening of the skin-hypothyroidism) Lethargy

22. Iodine Excess Similar to deficiency

23. Macro and micro-minerals Both can interact with each other as either antagonists or synergists. Even the marginal deficiency of one mineral can decrease or alter the efficacy of another!

24. Antagonist These reactions are defined as the presence of one mineral reducing the transport or efficacy of another. So in other words, one is acting against the other. Most mineral reactions are antagonistic and can occur during processing, digestion, storage, or transport.

25. Synergists Two minerals reacting in a complimentary fashion by either enhancing biologic function or sparing the other mineral. These guys work together for a good cause.