1. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)

3. The major groups of mammals had evolved in the Jurassic and Cretaceous.

4. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya)

5. The extinction of the dinosaurs opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered by extinctions, too.

6. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The extinction of the dinosaurs opened many niches, but the mammals were hammered by extinctions, too. Small mammals, however, quickly radiate into most ecological niches except large predators.

7. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated: Diatryma (Gastornis) in NA/Asia seed eater?

8. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated: Phorusrhacids in SA: Top Predators

9. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the absence of dinosaurs, the birds radiated: Phorusrhacids in SA: Top Predators Largest one yet, found in Argentina in Oct. 2006, probably stood over 10 feet tall. Chiappe and Bertelli. 2006. Nature 443:929. 2.3 ft condor

10. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) MAMMALIAN RADIATIONS:

11. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The nature of these radiations varied on the different, separated continents

12. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The earliest marsupials evolved in North America, but the were practically wiped out there at the K-T. They didn't recover in NA, but weathered the K-T (and ultimately dominated the fauna) in the southern supercontinent of SA, Antarctica, and Australia, eventually radiating into all ecological niches. late Cretaceous Alphodon, a Didelphiformian (common marsupial group)

13. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) The earliest Cenozoic marsupials are in SA (Paleocene), but by the Eocene they are present in Antarctica and Australia. They begin as insectivores... Argyrolagus (SA)

14. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) then radiate as large herbivores (in Australia, primarily)... Diprotodon

15. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and finally radiate as top predators. Thylacoleo Marsupial "Lion" (Australia) 'cat-like'

16. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and finally radiate as top predators. 'cat-like' Thylacosmilus (SA and Australia)

17. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and finally radiate as top predators. Borhyaena (SA) 'Dog-like' Thylacine (Australia)

18. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches: Insectivore Fossorial “teddy bear” niche 45 species of terrestrial herbivores (Wallabies and Kangaroos Nectarivore Honey Possum

19. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches: Arboreal GliderArboreal Herbivore/Frugivore brush-tailed Possum

20. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches: 'cat-like' Predator Quolls (several species)

21. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches: 'dog-like' Predator

22. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In the isolation of Australia, they radiated to fill all mammalian niches: Omnivore/Scavenger Tasmanian Devil

23. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) In SA, in addition to the marsupials, there were placental mammals - but only radiating as large herbivores: Toxodon

24. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and a notable mammalian clade, the Xenarthans - Sloths, Armadillos, Anteaters - were diverse and abundant in SA faunas: Megatherium Glyptodon

25. Xenarthans – a very primitive mammalian clade

26. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) and an Africarabian fauna evolved in isolation on Africa/Arabia - the modern group called that Afrotheria: Aardvarks Tenrecs Hyraxes Elephants Elephant Shrews Golden Moles

27. Is the Afrotheria polyphyletic? (1995)

28. Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, et al. (2006) Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. PLoS Biol 4(4): e91. A more recent genetic analysis says no… (2006) Curiously, this places the Pangolins (Pholidota) with Carnivores.

29. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Paleocene (65-55 mya) The multituberculates dominated the "rodent niche" in northern continents. Ptilodus

31. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Paleocene (65-55 mya) The first large herbivores were Pantodonts... including Titanoides and Coryphodon. There are few direct adaptations to an herbivorous lifestyle Ptilodus

32. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Paleocene (65-55 mya) The next clade of mammals were the Condylarths – omnivorous ancestral to the modern ungulates (Artiodactyls and Perissiodactlys). Phenocodus

33. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38 mya) Many modern groups evolve in the northern continents: Artiodactyls and Perrissiodactyls replace condylarths proto- horses (Hyracotherium), tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels, and bats, primates (Purgatorius), and whales (Basilosaurus) evolve.

35. Mesonychid (a condylarth) Ambulocetus Pakicetus Basilosaurus

36. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38 mya) Icaronycterus index

37. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38 mya) First Primates - Plesiadapids (Paleocene) Purgatorius

38. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Eocene (54-38 mya) Many modern groups evolve in the northern continents: creodonts replaced large birds as major predators

39. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24 mya) a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers and browsers radiate Mesohippus Calicotherium grasses evolve

40. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24 mya) a cooling period, creating savannahs - grazers and browsers radiate Arsinotherium

41. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24 mya)

42. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24 mya) a cooling period, creating savannahs - browsers radiate Indricotherium (Baluchitherium)

43. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Oligocene (38-24 mya) Titanotheres

44. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Miocene (24 - 5 mya) – “NEOGENE”

45. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Miocene (24-5 mya) Extensification of grassland habitats Radiation of grazer fauna: camelids, horse ancestors, cervids, rhinos

46. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Miocene (24 - 5 mya) True Dog and Cat Carnivores replace creodonts

47. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pliocene (5 - 2 mya)

48. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pliocene (5 - 2 mya) Sloths, Armadillos, Porcupines, Opposum Deer, horses, monkeys, cats and dogs, rodents Great American Interfaunal Exchange

49. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

50. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

51. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

52. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

53. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

54. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K)

55. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K) American Mastodon Mammut americanum

56. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K) Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of Pleistocene Mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Evgeny I. Rogaev, et al. 2006. PLoS. Hyrax

57. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K) - Periodic Ice Ages 391.06 (2010) 379.1 (2005) Last Maximum ~ 18,000 ybp

58. IV. Cenozoic (65 - 0 mya) - Pleistocene (2 mya - 10K) Extinction of the Pleistocene Megafuana - Human overhunting and keystone effects - Climate change - diseases brought by humans and their dogs.