2. The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

3. Homeostasis Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment--despite changes that occur internally or externally.

4. Homeostasis must be maintained in: gas concentrationsgas concentrations temperaturetemperature blood pressureblood pressure pH (acidity)pH (acidity) nutrientsnutrients WaterWater ionsions

5. Feedback Systems Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Body attempts to stop (inhibit) actionBody attempts to stop (inhibit) action Most feedback in the body is negativeMost feedback in the body is negative Positive Feedback Body attempts to encourage (stimulate) action Blood clotting, labor, breast milk production

6. 5 STEPS OF FEEDBACK 1. STIMULUS What action occurred 2. RECEPTOR finds out what happened 3. CONTROL CENTER Brain/spinal cord— decide on action 4. EFFECTOR- carries out action 5. RESPONSE—return to homeostasis

7. ANATOMY FORM What it is Example, heart, blood cells

8. PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTIONFUNCTION What it doesWhat it does Ex: Heart pumps blood, blood cells carry OxygenEx: Heart pumps blood, blood cells carry Oxygen

9. Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Chemical Level Chemical Level elements (atoms) and molecules essential for life.elements (atoms) and molecules essential for life. Cellular Level Cellular Level each cell has a unique shape and functioneach cell has a unique shape and function Tissue Level Tissue Level functiongroups of similar cells performing a specific function

10. Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Organ Level Organ Level two or more different tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapestwo or more different tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes System Level System Level groups of organs which work together for a common functiongroups of organs which work together for a common function Organism Level: Human Body-groups of organ systems working together Organism Level: Human Body-groups of organ systems working together

11. Directional Terms SuperiorSuperior InferiorInferior AnteriorAnterior PosteriorPosterior MedialMedial LateralLateral ProximalProximal DistalDistal

12. Planes Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organ

13. Sagittal plane Divides body in right and left sections

14. Mid-Sagittal plane Divides body into EQUAL right and left sectionsDivides body into EQUAL right and left sections

15. Mid-Sagittal plane Divides into anterior and posterior sectionsDivides into anterior and posterior sections

16. Mid-Sagittal plane Divides into superior and inferior sectionsDivides into superior and inferior sections

17. BODY CAVITIES SPACES in the body that contain body organs or other structures

18. BODY CAVITIES Lined with a serous membraneLined with a serous membrane two membranestwo membranes next to the cavity wall—parietalnext to the cavity wall—parietal next to the organ-- visceralnext to the organ-- visceral Serous fluid is between membranes prevents friction and provides protection and cushionSerous fluid is between membranes prevents friction and provides protection and cushion

19. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity houses the brain Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity Houses and protects spinal cord

20. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity pleural cavities (2) mediastinum pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity

21. LOOK AT HANDOUT ON BODY CAVITIES—STUDY THE HIGHLIGHTED SECTIONS

22. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Imaginary lines intersecting the UMBILICUS. Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four areas The quadrants are used by clinical personnel to describe the location if abdominopelvic pain, tumors, or other abnormalities

23. Abdominopelvic Quadrants RUQ--Right upper quadrant Liver Right kidney Gall bladder LUQ--Left upper quadrant Spleen Stomach Left kidney RLQ--Right lower quadrant Cecum Appendix Right ovary LLQ--Left lower quadrant Left ovary Lower descending colon

24. Abdominopelvic Quadrants STOP AND DRAW: Draw a circle where the lines intersect Label this area the UMBILICUS

25. The end

26. Anabolism Using energy to synthesize or BUILD new tissue or moleculesUsing energy to synthesize or BUILD new tissue or molecules

27. Catabolism The BREAKDOWN of tissue or chemical structures to produce or generate energy

28. Metabolism Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the bodySum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the body