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Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”

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Presentation on theme: "Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”"— Presentation transcript:

1 Principles of Learning

2 “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”

3

4  Infant with rumination d/o Treated with aversive shock therapy  Your Types of Learning Classical: unavoidable, physical association Operant: learning through actions Social: learn by watching others Cognitive: thought process

5  First in learning, thus “classical” Involuntary Learning More physical in Nature  Ivan Pavlov, 1900 Researched digestive system Pavlov’s Dogs

6 Terminology Classical Conditioning: method of conditioning using associations between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus Stimulus: anything that elicits a response (natural) Response: a reaction to the stimulus Dogs: Receive food (S)  Salivate (R)

7 Terminology UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus (automatically elicits a response) UCR: Unconditioned Response (a natural reaction to UCS)

8 Conditioned Stimulus: previously a neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural stimulus *experimenter (CS) associated with food (UCS) Conditioned Response: a response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning *experimenter (CS)  salivation (CR)

9  http://www.break.com/usercontent/2009/11/the-office-altoid- experiment-1499823 http://www.break.com/usercontent/2009/11/the-office-altoid- experiment-1499823  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI&feature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI&feature=fvw  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j85k8Epgas&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j85k8Epgas&feature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j85k8Epgas&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j85k8Epgas&feature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvOV7g3osfM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvOV7g3osfM&feature=related

10 Behaviorists  John Watson – Emotional Conditioning Little Albert:  Loud noise (UCS)  Fear (UCR)  Rat (CS) + Noise (UCS)  Fear (UCR)  Rat (CS)  Fear (CR) Stimulus generalization: stimulus that seems the same (white rat, white bunny) Extinction: Loss of association over time

11  Removal of Fear Mary Cover Jones: student who worked for Watson Associate pleasure with object of fear  Helps with phobias HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING: responding to a second stimuli

12 Operant Conditioning: Conditioning that results from one’s actions and the consequences they cause **Behavior learned or avoided as result of consequences*** Operant v. Classical: automatic responses v. voluntary ones

13  B.F. Skinner Believed behavior result of consequences in our environment Skinner’s Box: Operant Conditioning Chamber  Studied Animal behavior http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

14  Operant Conditioning Process: Learning from the consequences of his or her voluntary actions Reinforcement: Follows a response, increases chance to repeat behavior 1. Positive: Pleasant reinforcements  Primary: NEEDS - Necessary for psychological/physical survival  Secondary: WANTS – Comes to represent a primary reinforcer ($$$ = food, shelter, etc) 2. Negative: Something unpleasant is stopped or taken away

15 Punishment: weakening response, unpleasant consequences Generalization & Discrimination: behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one Extinction: when behavior stops Shaping: Gradually refining response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it Chaining: reinforcing each part of desired sequence

16  Schedule of Reinforcement: methods of reinforcing Continuous vs. Partial Variable Ratio: unknown number of desired responses before reinforcement is given. (Casino) High/Steady rate of response

17 Fixed Ratio: One reinforcement for every time desired behavior is performed  High rate of response until enforcement is received Variable Interval: varying amounts of time pass between reinforcement and behavior (fishing)  Steady rate of response

18  Fixed Interval: Reinforcement is received after a fixed amount of time  Produces an accelerated rate of response each time reinforcement approaches  Report Cards  Paycheck

19  Albert Bandura Observational Learning, type of Social Learning  Learning that occurs in a social situation Bo-Bo Doll Grow up watching and imitating? What could the results be?  Cliques  Clubs  Families  Culture  Religion

20 Cognitive Learning: Learning based on mental processes and previous knowledge  E.C. Tolman  Cognitive Maps: mental image of where one is located in space  Strategies: Methods for solving problems  Schemas

21  Trying to learn how to learn  Metacognition  Synopsis in your own words  Take breaks – brain works on problems while at rest

22  http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_cJuZR9YDG3c/SvYkda8uOQI/AAAAAAAAAJY/4gjACoPaH http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_cJuZR9YDG3c/SvYkda8uOQI/AAAAAAAAAJY/4gjACoPaH  http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://crackskullbob.squarespace.com/stora ge/researcher.jpg&imgrefurl=http://crackskullbob.squarespace.com/journal/lab-coat- researcher.html&usg=__lLY7RRG0kYtw- 6zfHvCkTXLG1VU=&h=400&w=314&sz=46&hl=en&start=2&itbs=1&tbnid=3RuUKL4cbPu a1M:&tbnh=124&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dresearcher%26hl%3Den%26safe% 3Dactive%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1uc/s400/Nature+vs+Nurture2.jpg  http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nocans.com/images/hungry- dog.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nocans.com/dog- food.html&usg=__zeH8BZWupDQGybJkD6HJ30juuWY=&h=188&w=209&sz=7&hl=en&st art=1&itbs=1&tbnid=vS2TxeR8YBergM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3D Hungry%2Bdog%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3 Disch:1  http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_L2kWU5dUpg0/S LAcxLOyaNI/AAAAAAAAABk/2Yx_s8NT7MA/s400/mexican- food.jpg&imgrefurl=http://mattandkatiedubai.blogspot.com/2008/08/aye-carumba-i- miss-my-mexican-food.html&usg=__bc1ytMyo- kHp69k8Oj246K9FPwI=&h=313&w=399&sz=44&hl=en&start=8&itbs=1&tbnid=8xDfCsTn 2zkyxM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFood%26hl%3Den%26safe%3D active%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1  http://media.photobucket.com/image/playing%20Slot%20Machines/doomcashdown/v egas_slot_machines.jpg

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