1. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.1 Vibrating diatomic molecule showing the equilibrium positions of atoms as dashed circles, instantaneous positions as solid circles, and restoring forces F. This is equivalent to the classical model of two Masses connected by a spring.

2. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.2 Energy levels involved in (a) resonant absorption (IR spectroscopy), (b) Raman scattering and (c) single-level fluorescence.

3. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.3 Schematic diagram of an infrared ATR cell set-up.

4. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.4 Energy-level diagram illustrating the formation of a progression of Stokes lines in a resonance Raman spectrum.

5. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.5 Resonance Raman spectrum of linear ClMgMgCl in solid N 2. Reprinted with permission from [5]. Copyright 2008 JohnWiley & Sons.

6. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.6 Inelastic neutron scattering spectrum of [Ni(  3 -C 3 H 5 ) 2 ]. The bands at 68 and 87 cm -1 have not been observed in either IR or Raman spectra. Redrawn from [8] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.7 Parts of IR spectra of a sample (a) as a gas, (b) as an amorphous solid, (c) as a crystalline solid, and (d) isolated in a matrix of solid argon.

8. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.8 Calculated phonon spectrum for phase I NH 3 showing (a) the internal modes of vibration and (b) the external lattice modes of vibration. Note the calculated band intensities are not indicative of the experimental values. Adapted with permission from [10]. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.

9. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.9 IR spectra of SO 4 2– (a) in solution and (b) in crystalline MgSO 4. 7H 2. O. The mode that is inactive in solution ( 1 ) becomes active in the solid, while the triple degeneracy of 3 is lifted.

10. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.10 (a) Dipole  (a vector quantity), showing its components along three Cartesian axes, x, y and z. (b) Polarizability ellipsoid (a tensor quantity), showing its three major axes,  xx  yy and  zz.

11. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.11 Symmetry representations of (a) the stretching, (b) the scissors deformations and (c) the wag, rock and twist motions of SiCl 2 H 2.

12. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.12 (a) Torsional vibration of H 3 BNH 3. (b) Symmetric and degenerate antisymmetric M–Hstretches of an MH 3 group,viewed along the C 3 axis. (c) Xe–F stretching vibrations of XeF 4 O.

13. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.13 Raman spectra of a saturated aqueous solution of NaClO 4, recordedwith the analyzing half-wave plate set (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the incident radiation. Redrawn from [11]. Copyright 2002 Springer- Verlag.

14. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.14 Rotational fine structure in gas-phase IR spectra of linear molecules: (a) parallel band of CO 2 (the asymmetric stretch);(b) perpendicular band of HCN (the bend). Adapted, with permission, from [12]. Copyright 1961 IUPAC, Butterworths,London.

15. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.15 Parallel and perpendicular IR bands of symmetric top molecules: (a) parallel band of CD 3 F and (b) perpendicular band of GeClH 3. Spectrum (a) is taken, Redrawn from Modern Spectroscopy, 4th Edition, J. Michael Hollas. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons.

16. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.16 Typical C-type (left), A-type (center) and B-type (right) IR bands. The spectrum shows combination bands of thevibrational modes of SiCl 2 H 2. For mode numbering see Table 8.4. Courtesy of Prof. Shuiming Hu (Hefei, China). Thespectrum is described in [14].

17. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.17 Part of the IR spectrum of gaseous SiCl 2 H 2. The highest frequency band consists of overlapping C-type and B-typecomponents; of the other four bands, those at highest and lowest frequencies are B-type, and the other two are A-type.

18. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.18 Raman spectrum of solid CO 2, showing the effect of Fermi resonance. Courtesy of Mr Steve Hunter, University of Edinburgh.

19. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.19 Typical ranges of stretching frequencies for bonds commonly found in inorganic molecules.

20. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.20 Carbonyl stretching region of the IR spectrum of [Fe(CO 4 )I 2 ].

21. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.21 Schematic illustration of band patterns expected from natural isotopes of chlorine for (a) an M–Cl stretching mode and (b) asymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of an MCl 2 group.

22. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.22 Portions of the IR spectrum of S 2 N 2 30% enriched in 15 N in an argon matrix. Adapted with permission from [25]. Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.

23. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.I

24. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.IIa to 8.IIe

25. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.III and IV

26. Structural Methods in Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. David W. H. Rankin, Norbert W. Mitzel and Carole A. Morrison @ 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Figure 8.V-a to c