1. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 1 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Overview of Selective Legal and Regulatory Issues in Electronic Commerce Dr. Carlos Moreno Curaçao 25-27 June 2002

2. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 2 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development E-commerce Legal Issues

3. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 3 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Legal issues Legal uncertainties Basic legal infrastructure for building trust International solutions Policy considerations

4. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 4 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Recognition of Electronic Messages   writing   document   original   signature

5. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 5 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development I - Commercial law: Evidentiary value of data messages,storage of data messages, validity and formation of contracts, incorporation of general terms and conditions. Legal uncertainties

6. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 6 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Legal uncertainties II - Intellectual property issues WIPO Treaties and Domain Names III - Consumer protection OECD Guidelines/EU Directive IV - Authentication and security Electronic signatures legislation V - Jurisdiction and applicable law ADR/ODR Mechanisms

7. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 7 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Legal uncertainties VI - Taxation WTO standstill on customs duties on e-transmissions. VII - Internet content regulation EU Commerce Directive (ISPs) VIII - Computer crime Convention on Cybercrime (Council of Europe). IX - Data privacy OECD Guidelines, Council of Europe Conv. EU Directive, US legislation....

8. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 8 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Basic Legal Infrastructure for Building Trust Legal recognition of e-messages E-signatures legislation Online dispute resolution

9. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 9 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Source: “New Yorker”

10. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 10 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Electronic Signatures Functions Data origin authentication Message integrity Non-repudiation

11. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 11 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Legislative Approaches Minimalist: removes legal obstacles to recognition/enforceability of e-signatures. Digital signature: establish legal framework for PKIs. Two-tier: standards for the operation of PKIs and broad view of e-signature.

12. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 12 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Online Settlement Online Arbitration Online Mediation Online Resolution of Consumer Complaints

13. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 13 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

14. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 14 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Legal solutions National legislation; International legal instruments; Contractual solutions; Self-regulation.

15. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 15 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development International solutions I - Model laws/guidelines UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures EU Directives on Electronic Commerce

16. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 16 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development But…... UNCITRAL Model Law might not be sufficient to overcome legal obstacles arising from mandatory international conventions. (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969).

17. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 17 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development International solutions II - Contractual approaches European Model EDI Agreement ECE Model Interchange Agreement ECE Electronic Commerce Agreement

18. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 18 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Problems encountered by contractual solutions (i)Obligations arising from mandatory legislation. (ii)Rights and obligations of third parties. (iii)Communication in an open network.

19. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 19 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development III - Code of Conduct - Self regulation International solutions OECD work UN/CEFACT Model IV - International Convention Draft UNCITRAL Convention on e-contracting

20. www.unctad.org/ecommerce/ 11/6/2015 / 20 Electronic Commerce Branch UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Policy Considerations There is a need for a favourable legal environment to accommodate e-commerce; Governments should not over-regulate; Legislation adopted should be technology- neutral; Party autonomy should be preserved.