2. Literacy and Technology Integration in the Classroom Stephanie Ciaravolo Spring 2010 702.22 Seminar in Research I

3. Table of Contents Statement of the Problem Review of the Literature –Pro’s –Con’s Theorists Current Practices Statement of the Hypothesis Method References Appendix(ces)

4. Statement of the Problem “Principals have looked to new teachers as a solution to the technology gap. Newer teachers may be more open to learning how to use technology but they are also trying to gain teaching experiences and classroom management in their first years” (Woodbridge, 2004). “Bringing new literacies into a classroom is not an easy task for teachers especially when 2/3 of teachers feel under prepared to use technology” (Barone and Wright, 2009). “According to the US DOE (1999) less than 20 percent of American teachers feel adequately equipped with the skills necessary to integrate technology into their classrooms” (Woodbridge, 2004).

5. Pros “The computer and the internet have put information literally at our fingertips” (Gambrell, 2005). Technology, the Internet as well as other communication technologies are influencing how we interpret and teach literacy (Leu, 2002; Schmar-Dobler,2003). “literacy learning becomes increasing social as multiple literacies emerge from rapidly changing technologies” (Leu, 2002) According to Means et al.(1993), and NCATE (1997) “There is research indicating that the use of new technologies in teaching and learning may improve student achievement” (Karchmer, 2001).

6. Con’s “Teachers feel additional challenges as well. These include problems with resources (lack of technology, time, or technical support), teacher knowledge and skills (inadequate technological and pedagological knowledge)” (Barone et al., 2009). “ wasted search time… readers could not find appropriate info and needed guidance each time they conducted a search… information too difficult…Wide range of off task behavior… minimal note taking and discussion” (Martin,2003).

7. Theorists Piaget: “learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words”(Atherson, 209). “The more knowledgeable other refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner with respect to a particular task, process, or concept” (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2010). Howard Gardner realized that there are nine multiple intelligences in which students learn differently from each other.

8. Current Practices Electronic books PowerPoint presentations Video recorders Book raps Epals

9. Hypothesis H1:Integrating technology in the literacy curriculum over a six week period to 24 fourth graders in P.S. X on Long Island, New York will increase their literacy scores.

10. Methods Participants: Two new teachers and their classrooms consisting of 24 students each. New teacher is defined as being first through third year. Instruments: Computer labs Microsoft word Access to electronic books Key pal setup PowerPoint or smart board access Various softwares

11. Appendix(ces) Appendix A: Consent form Appendix B: Pretest Appendix C: Post test Appendix D: Teacher Survey Pre technology integration Appendix E: Teacher Survey post technology integration Appendix F: Graph comparing test scores

12. References Atherton, J. S., (2009). Learning and Teaching; Piaget's developmental theory. Retrieved from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm Baker, E. (2000). Integrating Literacy and Tool-Based Techniques: Examining the Successes and Challenges. Computers in the Schools, 16 (2), 73-89. Balajthy, E. (2007). Technology and Current Reading/Literacy Assessment Strategies. The Reading Teacher, 61(3), 240 –247. Retrieved from JSTOR. DOI:10.1598/RT.61.3.4 Barone, D. and Wright, T., E. (2009). Literacy Instruction with Digital and Media Technologies. The Reading Teacher, 62(4), 292- 303. Retrieved from JSTOR. DOI:10.1598/RT.62.4.2 Bruce, B. C., and Bishop A. P. (2002). Using the Web to Support Inquiry-Based Literacy Development. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 45(8), 706 – 714. Retrieved from JSTOR. Coiro, J. (2003). Exploring Literacy on the Internet: Reading Comprehension on the Internet: Expanding Our Understanding of Reading Comprehension to Encompass New Literacies. The Reading Teacher, 56(50), 458-464. Retrieved from JSTOR. Dickinson, D. (2000). How Technology Enhances Howard Gardner’s Eight Intelligences. Retrieved from http://www.america- tomorrow.com/ati/nhl80402.htm. Dugger, W. E. Jr., Meade, S. D., Delany, L., & Nichols, C. (2003). Advancing Excellence in Technological Literacy. Phi Delta Kappa International, 85(4), 316-320. Retrieved from JSTOR. Gambrell, L. B. (2005). Issues and Trends in Literacy: Reading Literature, Reading Text, Reading the Internet: The Times They are a’Changing. The Reading Teacher, 58(6), 588-591. Retrieved from JSTOR. DOI:10.1598/RT.58.6 Hart, A. N. (2000). The Educational Theory of B. F. Skinner. Retrieved from http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Skinner.html

13. References Continued Irving, K. E. and Bell, R. L. (2004). Double Visions: Educational Technology in Standards and Assessments for Science and Mathematics. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 13(2), 255- 266. Retrieved from JSTOR. Karchmer, R. A. (2001). The Journey Ahead: Thirteen Teachers Report How the Internet Influences Literacy and Literacy Instruction in Their K – 12 Classrooms. Reading Research Quarterly, 36(4), 442- 466. Kaya, M., O’connor-Petruso, S.A. & Girelli-Carasi, F. (2010). Literacy – A Critical Constituent for Successful Globalization. In O’connor- Petruso, S.A. & Girelli-Carasi, F. (Eds.), Globalization Technology, Literacy & Curriculum (56-71). Location: New York. Larson, L. C. (2008). Electronic Reading Workshop: Beyond Books with New Literacies and Instructional Technologies. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 52(2), 121-131. Retrieved from JSTOR. Doi:10.1598/JAAL.52.2.3 Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2010, April). Social Development Theory (Vygotsky). Retrieved from http://www.learning- theories.com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.html Leu, D. J. Jr. (2002). Exploring Literacy on the Internet: Internet Workshop: Making Time for Literacy. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 466 – 472. Retrieved from JSTOR. Leu, D. J. Jr. (2001). Exploring Literacy on The Internet: Internet Project: Preparing Students for New Literacies in a Global Village. The Reading Teacher, 54(6), 568-572. Retrieved from JSTOR. Luke, C. (2000). New Literacies in Teacher Education. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 43(5), 424-435. Retrieved from JSTOR. MacArthur, C. A., Ferretti, R. P., Okolo, C. M., & Cavalier, A. R. (2001). Technology Applications for Students with Literacy Problems: A Critical Review. The Elementary School Journal, 101(3), 273 - 301.

14. References Continued Malloy, J. A. and Gambrell, L. B. (2006). Issues and Trends in Literacy: Approaching the Unavoidable: Literacy Instruction and the Internet. The Reading Teacher, 59(5), 482 – 484. Retrieved from JSTOR. doi:10.1598/RT59.5.8 Martin, L. M. (2003). Web Reading: Linking Text and Technology. The Reading Teacher, 56(8), 735- 737. Retrieved from JSTOR. Olsen, J. K. and Clough, M. P. (2001). Technology’s Tendency to Undermine Serious Study: A Cautionary Note. The Clearing House, 75(1), 8-13. Retrieved from JSTOR. Schmar-Dobler, E. (2003). Reading on the Internet: The Link between Literacy and Technology. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 47(1), 80-85. Retrieved from JSTOR. Semali, L. (2003). Ways with Visual Languages Making the Case for Critical Media Literacy. The Clearing House, 76 (6), 271- 277. Thoman, E. (2003). Media Literacy: A Guided Tour of the Best Resources for Teaching. The Clearing House, 76(6), 278-283. Retrieved from JSTOR. Watts-Taffe, S., Gwinn, C. B., Johnson, J. B., & Horn, M. L. (2003). Preparing Preservice teachers to integrate technology with the elementary literacy program. The Reading Teacher, 57(2), 130 –138. Woodbridge, J. (2004). Technology Integration as a Transforming Teaching Strategy. Technology and Learning. Retrieved from http://www.techlearning.com/article/2022.