1. Arch: 383 Introduction to GIS Week 1 Introduction to GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Can Kara Faculty of Architecture Fall 2011 c_kara77@yahoo.com ARC 383

2. Introduction to GIS   Information systems   What is GIS?   Components of the modern GIS   GIS applications   Advantages of GIS

3. Information systems : Some definitions Data : Facts, numbers, words, images, measurements of a set of variables. Information Systems : A system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization's manual and automated processes Decision Support System (DSS) : Decision Support System (DSS) : A DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.

4. What is GIS?   G: Geographic: (Spatial data. Can I assign a coordinate x, y?)   I: Information: (Databases, MS Access/SQL, dBase, Oracle, even Excel)   S : Systems: (Computers, networks; bigger/faster the better!)

5. Geographic information systems (GIS) In order to start solving problems, we will have to ask questions. A great majority of problems we encounter will have us ask the following question : what is? where? Where ? Where ? The geographic location on earth; What ? What ? Characteristics of attributes. A GIS helps us answer the question : “what is where?”

6. Geographic information systems (GIS) With the use of GIS software, We create a conceptual and computerized model of the earth. The logical steps are : Collecting data; Organizing data; Making abstractions (models) of real-life processes that interact with collected data; Analyzing model results; Making conclusions; Making decisions.

7. Geographic information systems (GIS) Various ways of defining GIS : A GIS is a computer system, which can collect, store and analyze spatial (geographic) data; GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software and users to make up a system, which collects, stores, manipulates and displays spatial information about the earth; “ A GIS is a computer based system that provides the following four sets of capabilities to handle geo referenced data: 1. input; 2. datamanagement (data storage and retrieval); 3. manipulation and analysis; 4. output “

8. Geographic information systems (GIS) An integration of five basic components An integration of five basic components

9. GIS concepts are not new! London cholera epidemic 1854 Cholera death Water pump +

10. Software Types  Two main categories for softwares : Commercial software Open-source software Some examples for commercial GIS softwares: Arc/Info(ESRI), Microstation(Intergraph), MapInfo, Geomedia, CARIS, etc... Some examples for open source GIS softwares: Grass, Quantum GIS, uDig, openJUMP, etc...

11. Commercial Software Closed source; This is the traditional business model; Developed only one company or organization ; Some many popular (and best?) software are commercial software; Professional-grade support is usually available from the vendor; The vendor has the last word on the development strategies;

12. Commercial GIS softwares: ESRI: Environmental Systems Research Institute (www.esri.com)

13. Commercial GIS softwares: ESRI: Environmental Systems Research Institute (www.esri.com)

14. ArcGIS Clients Application/Data Servers ArcGIS Desktop EXTENSIONSEXTENSIONS ArcGIS Engine Components ArcObjects ArcReader ArcView ArcInfo ArcEditor Custom Application RDBMS ArcSDE ArcGIS Server ArcIMS EXTENSIONSEXTENSIONS ArcPad Network Web Browser Commercial GIS softwares:

15. The ArcMap interface Display area Table of Contents Dockable Context menu Draw toolbar Status bar Standard toolbar Menu bar Title bar Tools toolbar Tear-off and dockable

16. Open-Source Software Free; Anyone can use it. Comes with the source code. Anyone can modify it. Relatively less complex software; Support is usually available from the other users; Users develop it collaboratively over the internet; The development strategies are decided by the users; Integration with other similar software is seamless thanks to open standards.

17. Open Source GIS softwares OpenGIS: Quantum GIS (www.qgis.org)

18. Open-Source Software Free Redistribution : The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software; Source Code : The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well; Derived Works : The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software; No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups; No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor : The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor; License Must Not Restrict Other Software : The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software; License Must Be Technology-Neutral.

19. Components of a GIS GIS Data (Spatial Data)

20. Components of a GIS Placename Grid co-ordinate Postcode Distance & bearing Description Latitude / Longitude What makes data spatial?

21. Components of a GIS GIS data have two important elements: geographic (spatial) elements attribute (non-geographic) elements GIS Data

22. Components of a GIS GIS data

23. Vector data (features) Vector data (features) Raster data (grids or cells) Raster data (grids or cells) Feature (point, line, polygon) Feature (point, line, polygon) Layer Layer Layer file Layer file Data Model or Type or Format (geodatabase, shapefile, etc.) Data Model or Type or Format (geodatabase, shapefile, etc.) Components of a GIS GIS data

24. Vector Components of a GIS Raster Example: VegetationExample: Elevation GIS data

25. Vector Raster Data has Representing geographic features X,Y Row Column Behavior rules Geometry Attributes

26. Vector Common GIS Data Structures (cont.) Geographic features are represented by points, lines, and polygons Geographic features are represented by points, lines, and polygons Points, lines and polygons are defined by a set or sets of x,y coordinates Points, lines and polygons are defined by a set or sets of x,y coordinates

27. Vector Feature types Feature types PointPoint Single location having an x,y (and sometimes z) coordinate Single location having an x,y (and sometimes z) coordinate Has no length or area Has no length or area Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)

28. Vector Feature types Feature types LineLine A series of connecting vertices A series of connecting vertices Has length but no area Has length but no area Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)

29. Vector Feature types Feature types PolygonPolygon One or more connecting lines that form a single spatial feature One or more connecting lines that form a single spatial feature Have both perimeter and area Have both perimeter and area Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)

30. Vector Attribute table Attribute table Contains information about and is linked to spatial featuresContains information about and is linked to spatial features Each feature has one associated record (row) in the attribute tableEach feature has one associated record (row) in the attribute table Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)

31. Raster: Spatial data are stored in a two dimensional matrix, much like a checkerboard Spatial data are stored in a two dimensional matrix, much like a checkerboard Each grid, or cell, contains a value Each grid, or cell, contains a value Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)

32. Representing Spatial Elements RASTER VECTOR VECTOR Real World Real World

33. High-Resolution Satellite Data: Raster or Vector?

35. GIS Applications GIS can be applied in any area, since questions below exist in any subject : Location : What is at ….. ? Condition: Where is it ? Trend : What has changed since … ? Routing : What is the best way … ? Pattern : What special patterns exist... ? Model : What if … ?

36. GIS Applications Formal disciplines GIS are based on : Remote Sensing Geodesy Photogrammetry Surveying Cartography Computer science Mathematics Statistics

37. GIS Applications Geodesy and geomatics Civil Engineering Geology Geophysics Petroleum Urban planning Mining Criminology Oceanography Agriculture Biology Environmental sciences Ecology Geography Sociology Archaeology Anthropology Disciplines making use of GIS:

38. GIS Applications Areas of application : Business : GeoBusiness; Census, elections; Surveying and mapping; Map and database publishing; Public health and safety (hospital, police, fire…); Real estate information management;

39. GIS Applications Areas of application : Municipal Applications (infrastructure,...); Engineering Applications; Forest Development and Management/Erosion and deforestation; Agriculture and land use, harvest prognoses;

40. GIS Applications Areas of application : Environmental applications (vegetation, pollution,...); Hydrology, water pollution (drainage patterns, water catchments, …); Geology (fault-line detection, mineral detection); Transportation, vehicle tracking, navigation systems,...

41. GIS Applications Areas of application : Regional development and planning; Oil operations; Military applications; Archeology; Education and research;

42. ArcGIS Software – licenses and applications ArcGIS Software – licenses and applications Common GIS data structures Common GIS data structures Data types supported by ArcGIS Data types supported by ArcGIS ArcCatalog and ArcMap user interfaces ArcCatalog and ArcMap user interfaces ArcGIS Desktop Help system ArcGIS Desktop Help system Overview

43. ArcCatalog: organize and manage GIS data ArcCatalog: organize and manage GIS data ArcMap: view, edit, and analyze spatial data and create maps ArcMap: view, edit, and analyze spatial data and create maps ArcGIS Desktop Software Suite – Applications

44. ArcToolbox ArcToolbox geoprocessinggeoprocessing data conversiondata conversion defining map projectionsdefining map projections ArcGIS Desktop Software Suite – Applications (cont.)

45. Vector Data Vector Data ArcInfo CoverageArcInfo Coverage ArcView ShapefileArcView Shapefile ArcGIS GeodatabaseArcGIS Geodatabase CAD dataCAD data Microstation design files (.dgn) Microstation design files (.dgn) AutoCAD drawing files (.dwg) AutoCAD drawing files (.dwg) AutoCAD drawing interchange files (.dxf) AutoCAD drawing interchange files (.dxf) Spatial Data Types Supported by ArcGIS

46. Raster Data Raster Data Images – e.g., DOQQ’s, DRG’s, (.tif,.bil,.jpg,.sid, etc.); can now be in geodatabasesImages – e.g., DOQQ’s, DRG’s, (.tif,.bil,.jpg,.sid, etc.); can now be in geodatabases ArcInfo Grid – e.g., DEM’sArcInfo Grid – e.g., DEM’s Tabular Data Tabular Data Comma or tab delimited text (.txt)Comma or tab delimited text (.txt) dBase (.dbf) file containing coordinate datadBase (.dbf) file containing coordinate data (X,Y coordinate) Spatial Data Types Supported by ArcGIS (cont.)

47. ArcCatalog The data management application of ArcGIS The data management application of ArcGIS Import, export, and preview datasetsImport, export, and preview datasets Drag and drop data into ArcMapDrag and drop data into ArcMap Create new spatial datasetsCreate new spatial datasets View, create, and/or edit metadataView, create, and/or edit metadata

48. ArcCatalog Interface Data Exploring Viewing Modes Catalog Tree Connect to Folder

49. ArcCatalog (cont.) Establish folder connections to access data Establish folder connections to access data

50. ArcCatalog (cont.) Create new spatial datasets, e.g., shapefiles Create new spatial datasets, e.g., shapefiles

51. ArcCatalog (cont.) Preview spatial and tabular data Preview spatial and tabular data

52. View, create and/or manage metadata View, create and/or manage metadata ArcCatalog (cont.)

53. View, create and/or manage metadata View, create and/or manage metadata ArcCatalog (cont.)

54. Metadata Content Metadata Content Identification InformationIdentification Information Data Quality InformationData Quality Information Spatial Data Organization InformationSpatial Data Organization Information Spatial Reference InformationSpatial Reference Information Entity and Attribute InformationEntity and Attribute Information Distribution InformationDistribution Information Metadata Reference InformationMetadata Reference Information ArcCatalog (cont.)

55. Launch ArcMap and open the ArcToolbox window Launch ArcMap and open the ArcToolbox window

56. ArcMap ArcGIS application used to display, query, edit, create, and analyze geographic data ArcGIS application used to display, query, edit, create, and analyze geographic data

57. ArcMap Interface Standard Toolbar Status Bar Table of Contents – Lists layers (stacking order; like a legend) Data Frame (a group of layers) TOC Tabs – different display modes Data Frame display modes – “Data” or “Layout” ArcCatalog Map display Window (Data Frame)

58. Fundamental component of ArcMap Fundamental component of ArcMap Collection of data layers (in data frames) and a cartographic layout Collection of data layers (in data frames) and a cartographic layout Stores references to the locations of the data sources (e.g., shapefiles, coverages, image files, etc.) NOT the data themselves Stores references to the locations of the data sources (e.g., shapefiles, coverages, image files, etc.) NOT the data themselves Has.mxd file extension Has.mxd file extension Map Document

59. Map Document (cont.)

60. Map Document Properties Map Document Properties Data Source OptionsData Source Options Map Document (cont.)

61. ArcMap Toolbars ArcMap provides a number of other toolbars: ArcMap provides a number of other toolbars: DrawDraw EditorEditor LayoutLayout Effects, etc.Effects, etc.

62. Tools toolbar is always active and can be used in either the data or layout view Tools toolbar is always active and can be used in either the data or layout view Standard toolbar contains buttons and tools that provide fast and easy access to many operations, e.g., Save, Add Data, etc. Standard toolbar contains buttons and tools that provide fast and easy access to many operations, e.g., Save, Add Data, etc. ArcMap Toolbars (cont.)

63. Source tab Display tab Data Frame Selection tab ArcMap Table of Contents

64. ArcMap Data View Browse, edit, and analyze the spatial data on a map Browse, edit, and analyze the spatial data on a map

65. Prepare finished maps for reports and publications Prepare finished maps for reports and publications ArcMap Layout View

66. ArcMap Interface - Customized

67. Coordinate Systems (Projections) Geographic – “lat long”, unprojected Geographic – “lat long”, unprojected

68. Coordinate Systems Projected – UTM, Lambert, Albers… Projected – UTM, Lambert, Albers…

69. Data Frame Properties – Right Click! Map units: Map units: horizontal measures in which distances are calculated in a data frame Feet, meters, etc.Feet, meters, etc. Display units: horizontal measures in which distances are actually displayed on the screen Display units: horizontal measures in which distances are actually displayed on the screen Feet, meters, etc.Feet, meters, etc.

70. Data Frame Properties (cont.) Map units are set when a coordinate system is specified for a data frame Map units are set when a coordinate system is specified for a data frame

71. On-the-fly projection requires coordinate system definition (often stored in.prj file) On-the-fly projection requires coordinate system definition (often stored in.prj file) Data Frame Properties (cont.)

72. Map units can be set by user when coordinate system is not specified Map units can be set by user when coordinate system is not specified Data Frame Properties (cont.)

73. Includes tools for manipulating spatial data Includes tools for manipulating spatial data System Tool Model Toolset Script ArcToolbox

74. Context Sensitive Help can be accessed with the “What’s This?” Button Context Sensitive Help can be accessed with the “What’s This?” Button Access ArcGIS Desktop Help system under the Help menu Access ArcGIS Desktop Help system under the Help menu Online Help

75. Online Help (cont.) ArcGIS Desktop Help is organized by topic and often by application ArcGIS Desktop Help is organized by topic and often by application

76. Press the F1 key to access help about dialog box elements Press the F1 key to access help about dialog box elements Online Help (cont.)

77. ESRI user forums ESRI user forums http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=forums.gatewayhttp://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=forums.gateway Online Help (cont.)