1. Barriers to M-learning in Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria S. A. Shonola & M. S. Joy

2. Outline Introduction Research Purposes Research Questions Methodology Results Data Analysis Recommendation Conclusion Barriers to M-learning in Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria

3. Introduction Formal and informal learning through mobile devices An extension to distance and e-learning Flexibility – study anywhere, anytime Online group discussion among students Easy access to learning content and material, assessment and feedback Shortens the study time on some courses Improves productivity and efficiency Barriers to M-learning in Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria Features

4. Research Purposes 150 Million Population in Nigeria About 120 Universities serving the population Rapid development of mobile technology gave raise to m-learning to complement classroom learning The challenges of adopting m-learning in Nigerian universities are enormous This paper presentation aims to identify the barriers to m-learning in Nigerian Higher Education Institution and Recommends appropriate solutions Barriers to M-learning in Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria

5. Research Questions What are the barriers against the implementation of m-learning in Nigerian Universities apart from security issues? What are the effects of these barriers to m-learning and users (learners and lecturers)? What are recommendations for alleviating these challenges? Barriers to M-learning in Higher Education Institutions in Nigeria

6. Survey and Data Collection Carried out in 3 universities in Lagos, Nigeria Interviews  21 questions in 4 sections  120 questionnaires were returned  Confidentially & anonymity maintained  Available online Questionnaires  Contained 15 questions  Mock interview in Warwick  Conducted in their offices  30 interviews held  Confidentially & anonymity maintained

7. Results: M-learning Barriers Barriers to m-learning adoption in Nigerian Universities

8. Difficulty in modification of school curriculum - Almost six out of ten of the participants (57.33%) agreed on this. - Many instructors hesitate to integrate new technology into their modules until they have evidence that it will benefit their teaching and enhance students learning. - The effect of their hesitation can delay implementation and adoption of m-learning or even bring it to a halt. Attitudinal Barrier - Nearly half of respondents (48%) said unwillingness to change on the side of learners and lecturers mostly due to ‘business as usual syndrome’ - Extra workload in terms of preparation for m-learning along with classroom teaching. - The effect is lacking behind in development in education in terms of learning technologies and innovative research. Excessive Reliance on Mobile Learning - Around a third of the participants (36%) supported this view - Some students rely on mobile device as a substitute to classroom attendance - Students’ performance maybe affected as valuable time will be wasted learning the use of the tool instead of studying. Results: M-learning Barriers

9. Incompetency of staff - As revealed by around a quarter of the participants (24%) - Lack of technical expertise in developing content rich m-learning systems. - The effect is m-learning is only used for information dissemination and communication instead of being a learning portal. Lack of Infrastructure - More than seven out of ten of the respondents (72%) agreed on this. - An m-learning system cannot survive or achieve its utmost objective without adequate infrastructure - The effect is that lack of infrastructure is of one the barriers that influence the use of technology in education in Nigeria. Inadequate Funding - Eight out of ten (80%) believed that there is gross under-funding of the education sector - Near total neglect by government of the education sector is a concern to stakeholders - The problem a devastating effect on the development of learning technologies including mobile learning Results: M-learning Barriers contd.

10. Regulatory issues - Around a quarter of the respondents (26.67%) believed that undue regulations on ICT and learning technologies, including mobile and e-learning are barriers - Past interference of government agencies on distance and open learning programmes was a concern - Directives from government agencies that only year one and two students should be subjected to electronic examinations and assessments - This directive has affected the full implementation on m-learning, in the aspect of learning delivery and most especially on the examination and feedback processes. Political and Legal Issues - A third of the participant (33.33%) observed that political and legal processes have hindered viable projects in Nigeria including m-learning - The participants’ opinion is due to the fact that all aspects of national programmes are being politicised. - The effect is that nothing much has been achieved regarding the IT policies in Nigeria when compare to international standards. Results: M-learning Barriers contd.

11. Data Analysis A statistical test was also conducted using the Mann-Whitney U Test on the data collected as shown in table 1 and 2. According to the table 2, there is significant difference between students and educators viewpoints in relation to the barriers of m-learning in Nigeria. This implies that educators and students have different views on the barriers affecting the implementation of m-learning in Nigeria and may due to their level of education and use of mobile devices in education

12. Recommendations The curriculum of m-learning system should be developed in collaboration with relevant stakeholders to reflect academic content and technical procedure to enhance knowledge transfer as well as provide support to learners. The lecturers and learners should be encouraged and motivated to accept technological changes in education, either e-learning or m-learning and inspired to have a positive attitude towards learning technologies. Over reliance of the students on m-learning as an alternative to classroom attendance should be avoided as much as possible. They should be made to attend classes as regularly as possible and only use m-learning to support their classroom activities. Learning are more effective when students are actively involved in the classroom activities. There is a need to intensify training of personnel in the field of mobile learning or engage experts from other related fields to give their valuable contribution to the development of m-learning system.

13. Recommendations contd. Adequate provision of modern infrastructures such as hardware, software, and network connectivity should also be of utmost concern. The problems of infrastructural decay in the education sector should be addressed. Adequate funds should be provided to Nigerian Universities to develop their m-learning facilities as well as to carry out research on how to improve existing ones. The regulations on m-learning should be made in accordance with the international standards. M-learning experts in developed countries should be consulted on regulatory matters. However, the regulations should be flexible and adaptable to suit Nigerian learning environments. The government should give absolute priority to the education sector and m-learning in particular by creating enabling policies that will encourage growth and research in m- learning. Matters affecting m-learning, e-learning and other learning technologies should not be politicised but be handed over to technocrats who are knowledgeable in the field.

14. It is obvious that the adoption of m-learning is considered to be very attractive option and a new learning paradigm with a positive effect on education in Nigeria. If the barriers can be overcome, m-learning will enhance blended learning and improve the quality of education in the country. Conclusion