1. SOC101Y Introduction to Sociology Professor Robert Brym Lecture #3 Social Interaction 28 Sep 11

2. A dyad is a two- person group. A status is a recognized position in a social interaction.

3. How We Get Emotional external stimulus physiological response and initial emotion cultural script modified emotional response For example,Your pulse rateYou have learned thatStill fearful, a grizzly bearincreases etc.;lying still and playingyou act according attacks.you experiencedead increases theto the cultural fear.chance the grizzly bearscript, which will lose interest in you.gives you hope.

4. Emotion management involves people obeying “feeling rules” and responding appropriately to the situations in which they find themselves. Emotion labour is emotion management that one does as part of one’s job and for which one is paid.

5. The crude death rate is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population. A rate is the frequency with which an event occurs in a given time span (usually a year) per population unit (usually 100,000 or 1,000 people).

6. The Decline of Celtic Languages in Great Britain 2011 Welsh750,000 Irish Gaelic651,000 Breton200,000 Scottish Gaelic92,000 Cornish3,000 Manx1,700 Total1,697,700 17002011 British & Irish population (millions) 6.565 Celtic speakers (millions) 31.7 Celtic speakers as percent of total 462.6

7. A Competitive Conversation John: “I’m feeling really starved.” Mary: “Oh, I just ate.” John: “Well, I’m feeling really starved.” Mary: “When was the last time you ate?” Draws attention to himself Begins to compete by refocusing attention on herself Engages in the competition by trying to draw attention back to himself Concedes the competition by allowing the conversation to focus on John

8. Norms are standards of behavior or generally accepted ways of doing things. Values are shared ideas about what is right and wrong.

9. Why We Interact  We gain valued resources from interaction and we compete to maximize our gains.  We learn norms and values (some of them altruistic) that require interaction.

10. Where Do Norms and Values Come From?  from culture  from creative negotiation:  we manipulate the impressions we make on others  we communicate verbally and nonverbally

11. Impression management is the manipulation of how we present ourselves to others so as to appear in the best possible light.

12. Important Types of Nonverbal Communication  facial expressions, gestures and body language  status cues (visual indicators of other people’s social positions)  stereotypes (rigid views of how members of various groups act, regardless of whether individual group members really behave that way)

13. Probability of Being Stopped by the Police, Toronto, by Race, Sex, and Age (n=1,257) Probability Which category has the highest probability of being stopped? For white and Asian males and females, what is the association between age/education and the probability of being stopped? For black males and females, what is the association between age/education and the probability of being stopped? (Lower case indicates sample; upper case indicates population.)

14. Correlation  A variable is a concept that can have more than one value.  A correlation is the relationship or association between two variables.  The correlation coefficient (r) measures the strength of the association between two variables. Its value ranges from -1 to +1, with -1 indicating a perfect negative linear association, +1 indicating a perfect positive linear association, and 0 indicating no association.

15. Correlations r =.85 r = -.92 r = 0 Variable y Variable y Variable y Variable x Variable x Variable x 1. Positive Correlation 2. Negative Correlation 3. No Correlation

16. Coincidence  Events, including correlations, may be due to coincidence.  For example, you may toss a coin and get heads, and then toss it again and get heads. The chance of this happening is ½ x ½ = ½ 2 = ¼. Common sense suggests that these successive events are likely just a coincidence.  However, if you tossed a coin 10 times and got all heads, the chance of this happening is 1/2 10 = 1/1,024. This is a sufficiently rare event that we suspect the event is not due to chance.  We study statistics partly to know the chance that events, including correlations, are likely to be real or coincidental.

17. Spuriousness  A correlation may also be spurious (or phony) if it is preceded by the real cause of the correlation. Frequency of stork sightings Fertility rate Correlation Frequency of stork sightings Fertility rate Rurality Correlation

18. Statistics  We must eliminate (or at least sharply reduce) the chance of coincidence and spuriousness before we can conclude that a correlation signifies a causal relationship.  Statistics teaches us how to do these things.