1. Protein Synthesis ch10

2. Nucleic Acids  Two Main Types:  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid  RiboNucleic Acid  mRNA  tRNA  rRNA or Ribosomes  Little pieces of DNA are called Nucleotides and there are only four types: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine  RNA trades Thymine for Uracil

3. DNA- Characteristics  Double Helix = Looks like a twisted ladder  Double Stranded  Sides are made of Sugar and Phosphate groups  Rungs are made of two Nitrogen Bases  A and T  C and G

4. DNA-History  1953 James Watson and Francis Crick with a lot of help from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

5. DNA Replication  Since DNA is in every cell of our body, it must be replicates when they divide.  Special enzymes (proteins) “unzip” the DNA, then another enzyme adds new bases.  You end with two copies; one new strand matched with one new one.

6. Mutations  THE CAT RAN AND GOT FIT  THE CAT RAN AND GOT FAT  THE KAT RAN AND GOT FIT  THE CAT RAA NDG OTF IT  THE CAT ZRA NAN DGO TFI T

7. RNA  Similar to DNA but…  Has U not T  Single Strand  Can leave nucleus  Ribose not deoxyribose  Follows same base pairing rules  Carries information on making proteins from nucleus to cytoplasm  DNA is opened, enzyme matches one side with new bases, sequence is checked and leaves the nucleus to make protein

9. Protein Synthesis  mRNA leaves the nucleus and takes the information into the cytoplasm

10.  mRNA works with ribosomes and tRNA to put the amino acids that make up a protein in the right order.  Ribosomes ‘read’ the mRNA in sets of three – CODONS  We can use a ‘secret decoder chart’ to figure out what these codons code for:  The tRNA acts like a taxi and transports the amino acid to the mRNA

11. Lets practice breaking the code:  mRNA: AAU CGU  mRNA: GUC CUA  mRNA: GGG UAC CCU  DNA: TAG GTA CCC  DNA: CTGATCCTAGCTTTT  DNA: T T A C A T G C G Complementary DNA: mRNA from top strand: tRNA: Amino Acids: