1. Nucleic Acids

2. Nucleic Acid Structure Polymer (4 th macromolecule) Monomer subunits are called nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 components: 1) pentose sugar 2) phosphate group (PO 4 3- ) 3) nitrogenous base

3. N N O PHOSPHATE PENTOSE SUGAR NITROGEN BASE NUCLEOTIDE Nucleotide Monomers

4. Monomers Make Polymers

5. Types of Nucleic Acids 1) DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid 2) RNA Ribonucleic acid 3) ATP Adenosine triphosphate

6. 1) DNA FUNCTIONS: Direct growth and development of every living thing by means of a chemical code Controls the production of proteins and other chemical messengers DNA to RNA to Protein (Central Dogma) Hereditary molecule and the basis of genetics

7. …..aside Proteins are CRUCIAL to EVERYTHING in the body DNA controls everything in your body through the production of proteins. That’s all that DNA knows how to do. That’s all that DNA can do. Proteins then, do all the work (mitosis, mood, pregnancy, puberty, appetite, addiction, hair and nails, vision and hemoglobin are just some examples!)

8. 1) DNA STRUCTURE: Double-stranded / double helix Strands run antiparallel (5’ to 3’/ 3’ to 5’) Pentose sugar has one less oxygen than RNA (“de-oxy”) Nitrogenous bases: A (adenine) T (thymine) C (cytosine) G (guanine)

9. …Antiparallel DNA

10. Phosphodiester Bonds

11. ATCG: Nucleotide Base Pairs

12. 1) DNA Strands formed by phosphodiester linkages 5’ carbon and 3’ carbon, 2 ester bonds Purines always pair with pyrimidines PURINES: Adenine and Guanine Double rings PYRIMIDINES: Cytosine and Thymine Single rings

13. A pairs with T (2 H-bonds) C pairs with G (3 H-bonds) EXAMPLE: DNA Sequence: AATTCCGG Complimentary DNA Sequence: TTAAGGCC DNA is located inside the nucleus and cannot leave – necessitates RNA } complimentary base pairs

14. DNA versus RNA

15. 2) RNA FUNCTION: Single-stranded Integral part of protein synthesis Transfers DNA msg outside of nuc Usually in the cytoplasm DNA  RNA  Protein (central dogma)

16. 2) RNA STRUCTURE Ribonucleic acid – One more oxygen than DNA Nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G (U: uracil) When DNA  RNA, A pairs with U instead of T Example: DNA Sequence: TTAACCGG RNA Complimentary Sequence: AAUUGGCC

17. 3) ATP Not a polymer like DNA and RNA ATP is a monomer Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphate groups High-energy bonds b/w phosphate grps ATP is the energy-storing molecule

18. ATP Structure

19. 3) ATP Energy Release ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i + Energy Reversible reaction

20. Energy and Reactions Endergonic: requires energy for the reaction to occur Exergonic: releases energy as a product of the reaction

22. HOMEWORK Review Notes Refer to Pages 28-30 Problem set