1. OA According to Buddha, what actions should people take in order to avoid suffering? According to Buddha, what actions should people take in order to avoid suffering? What is the Eightfold Path? And how does it relate to the Four Noble Truths? What is the Eightfold Path? And how does it relate to the Four Noble Truths?

2. OA What is dharma and how does it influence the next life? What is dharma and how does it influence the next life? Who is Mahavira and how did he use Hinduism? Who is Mahavira and how did he use Hinduism?

3. OA What are the 3 basic teachings of Hinduism? What are the 3 basic teachings of Hinduism? If someone wanted to travel from Mongolia to Ajanta in the Maurya Empire, how far would he/she have to travel and what land obstacles would he/she have to face on the journey? (page 75) If someone wanted to travel from Mongolia to Ajanta in the Maurya Empire, how far would he/she have to travel and what land obstacles would he/she have to face on the journey? (page 75)

4. OA Why is Hinduism such a complex religion? Why is Hinduism such a complex religion?

5. Chapter 4 Empires of India and China Global History I Mr. Schoff

6. PICTURE WALK!!! Go through all of Chapter 4 and take a picture walk. Do not read, just look at and analyze the pictures of Chapter 4. Go through all of Chapter 4 and take a picture walk. Do not read, just look at and analyze the pictures of Chapter 4. What can you infer about the goals of Chapter 4? What can you infer about the goals of Chapter 4?

7. Hinduism No single founder, no sacred text No single founder, no sacred text It grew out of the overlapping beliefs of the groups who settled India It grew out of the overlapping beliefs of the groups who settled India Probably began when the Aryans added the gods of the Indus Valley to their own Probably began when the Aryans added the gods of the Indus Valley to their own Became one of the world’s most complex religions, with countless gods and goddesses and many forms of worship Became one of the world’s most complex religions, with countless gods and goddesses and many forms of worship All Hindus, however, share certain basic beliefs All Hindus, however, share certain basic beliefs

8. Hinduism “God is one, but wise people know it by many names” “God is one, but wise people know it by many names” All the universe is part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called Brahman All the universe is part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called Brahman Brahman is EVERYTHING, but everything is NOT Brahman Brahman is EVERYTHING, but everything is NOT Brahman Brahman is too complex a concept for most people to understand, so they worship a variety of gods that give a concrete form to brahman Brahman is too complex a concept for most people to understand, so they worship a variety of gods that give a concrete form to brahman Most important gods – Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; Shiva, the Destroyer Most important gods – Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; Shiva, the Destroyer Each of these gods can take many forms, human or animal, and each also has his own family Each of these gods can take many forms, human or animal, and each also has his own family Some worship Shakti, the powerful wife of Shiva…both kind and cruel, a creator and destroyer Some worship Shakti, the powerful wife of Shiva…both kind and cruel, a creator and destroyer

9. Hinduism Hindu teachings were recorded in sacred texts such as the Vedas and Upanishads Hindu teachings were recorded in sacred texts such as the Vedas and Upanishads The Bhagavad-Gita, for example, spells out many ethical ideas central to Hinduism The Bhagavad-Gita, for example, spells out many ethical ideas central to Hinduism In that poem, the god Krishna instructs Prince Arjuna on the importance of duty over personal desires and ambitions In that poem, the god Krishna instructs Prince Arjuna on the importance of duty over personal desires and ambitions

10. Hinduism Every person has an essential self, or atman Every person has an essential self, or atman But that is just really another name for brahman But that is just really another name for brahman Ultimate goal of existence is achieving moksha, union with brahman Ultimate goal of existence is achieving moksha, union with brahman People continue working toward moksha through several lifetimes People continue working toward moksha through several lifetimes

11. Karma A person can come closer to achieving moksha by obeying the law of karma A person can come closer to achieving moksha by obeying the law of karma Refers to all the actions of a person’s life that affect his or her fate in the next life Refers to all the actions of a person’s life that affect his or her fate in the next life All existence is ranked All existence is ranked All existence is ranked All existence is ranked Humans are closest to brahman Humans are closest to brahman Humans are closest to brahman Humans are closest to brahman Animals Animals Animals Plants Plants Plants Objects like rocks or water Objects like rocks or water Objects like rocks or water Objects like rocks or water People that earn good karma by doing good things are reborn at a higher level of existence People that earn good karma by doing good things are reborn at a higher level of existence Those who do evil get bad karma and are reborn into suffering Those who do evil get bad karma and are reborn into suffering This endless cycle of death and rebirth is symbolized by the image of the wheel This endless cycle of death and rebirth is symbolized by the image of the wheel

12. Dharma To escape the wheel of fate, Hinduism stresses the importance of dharma, the religious and moral duties of an individual To escape the wheel of fate, Hinduism stresses the importance of dharma, the religious and moral duties of an individual Vary according to class, occupation, gender, or age Vary according to class, occupation, gender, or age A person acquires merit for the next life if they obey their own dharma A person acquires merit for the next life if they obey their own dharma

13. More Hinduism Many Hindu people try to follow the path of nonviolence (ahimsa) Many Hindu people try to follow the path of nonviolence (ahimsa) All people and things are aspects of brahman and should therefore be respected All people and things are aspects of brahman and should therefore be respected

14. Mahavira 500 B.C. – Teacher Mahavira founded a new religion that grew out of Hindu tradition called Jainism 500 B.C. – Teacher Mahavira founded a new religion that grew out of Hindu tradition called Jainism Rejected the idea that brahmin priests alone could perform certain sacred rites Rejected the idea that brahmin priests alone could perform certain sacred rites Jain teachings emphasized meditation, self- denial, and an extreme form of ahimsa Jain teachings emphasized meditation, self- denial, and an extreme form of ahimsa To avoid killing insects, they carried brooms to sweep the ground in front of their feet To avoid killing insects, they carried brooms to sweep the ground in front of their feet

15. Political Cartoons What is the person on the right suggesting as to why the other person’s ice cream fell over?

16. Full Time Out!! Write as much as you know about Hinduism in 60 seconds…GO! Write as much as you know about Hinduism in 60 seconds…GO!

17. OA Who founded the religion of Buddhism? Who founded the religion of Buddhism?

18. Gautama Buddha Siddhartha Gautama founded a new religion, Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama founded a new religion, Buddhism Tripitaka – teachings recorded in this Tripitaka – teachings recorded in this Born about 566 B.C. to a high caste family Born about 566 B.C. to a high caste family One day walked past a sick person, old person, dead body, then became aware of human suffering One day walked past a sick person, old person, dead body, then became aware of human suffering He left his wife and child and left the palace, never to return He left his wife and child and left the palace, never to return Set out to discover “the realm of life where there is neither suffering nor death” Set out to discover “the realm of life where there is neither suffering nor death” Wandered for years, asking Hindu scholars and holy men, fasted, meditated, sat under a giant tree and was determined to stay there until he understood the mystery of life Wandered for years, asking Hindu scholars and holy men, fasted, meditated, sat under a giant tree and was determined to stay there until he understood the mystery of life

19. Buddha 48 days of temptation from evil spirits, then suddenly believed that he understood the cause and cure for suffering and sorrow 48 days of temptation from evil spirits, then suddenly believed that he understood the cause and cure for suffering and sorrow When he rose, he was no longer Gautama…he was the Buddha, the Enlightened One When he rose, he was no longer Gautama…he was the Buddha, the Enlightened One

20. Four Noble Truths 1. All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow 2. The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life 3. The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire 4. The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path

21. Eightfold Path “right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation” “right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation” Need to understand the 4 Noble Truths and committing oneself to the Eightfold Path, then live a moral life, avoiding evil words and actions Need to understand the 4 Noble Truths and committing oneself to the Eightfold Path, then live a moral life, avoiding evil words and actions Final goal is nirvana, or union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth Final goal is nirvana, or union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth Stressed moral principles (honesty, charity, kindness to all living creatures), and also saw the Eightfold Path as a middle way between a life devoted to pleasure and one based on harsh self-denial Stressed moral principles (honesty, charity, kindness to all living creatures), and also saw the Eightfold Path as a middle way between a life devoted to pleasure and one based on harsh self-denial

22. Full Timeout!! Write as much as you know about Buddhism in 60 seconds…GO!

23. Analyzing Political Cartoons What is the girl doing on the computer? What does “winning” represent?

24. Analyzing Primary Sources “There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts. It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha (Tripitaka) “There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts. It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha (Tripitaka)

25. 1. “There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. 2. Doubt separates people. 3. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. 4. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts. 5. It is a sword that kills.” –Buddha (Tripitaka)

26. Spread of Buddhism At age 80, Buddha died, but attracted many disciples, or followers At age 80, Buddha died, but attracted many disciples, or followers Some followers collected his teachings into a sacred text called the Tripitaka, or “3 Baskets of Wisdom” Some followers collected his teachings into a sacred text called the Tripitaka, or “3 Baskets of Wisdom” Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia Buddhism split into two major sects, or smaller groups Buddhism split into two major sects, or smaller groups Theravada Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism

27. Theravada Buddhism Closely followed original teachings Closely followed original teachings Required a life devoted to hard spiritual work Required a life devoted to hard spiritual work Only the most dedicated seekers like monks and nuns could reach nirvana Only the most dedicated seekers like monks and nuns could reach nirvana Spread to Sri Lanka and SE Asia Spread to Sri Lanka and SE Asia

28. Mahayana Buddhism Made Buddhism easier for ordinary people to follow Made Buddhism easier for ordinary people to follow MB’s pictured Buddha and other holy beings as compassionate gods MB’s pictured Buddha and other holy beings as compassionate gods People turned to these gods for help in solving daily problems as well as in achieving salvation People turned to these gods for help in solving daily problems as well as in achieving salvation MB’s described an afterlife filled with many heavens and hells MB’s described an afterlife filled with many heavens and hells MB spread to China, Tibet, Korea, and Japan MB spread to China, Tibet, Korea, and Japan

29. Decline Buddhism took root across Asia, it slowly declined in India Buddhism took root across Asia, it slowly declined in India Hinduism eventually absorbed some Buddhist ideas and made room for Buddha as another Hindu god Hinduism eventually absorbed some Buddhist ideas and made room for Buddha as another Hindu god A few Buddhist centers survived until the 1100s, but fell to Muslim armies that invaded India A few Buddhist centers survived until the 1100s, but fell to Muslim armies that invaded India

30. VENN DIAGRAM HinduismBuddhism