2. Industry We are looking at factors which influence the location of industry and how these have changed.

3. Industrial System

4. PP - June 04 (Higher) Describe the inputs, processes and outputs for one type of industry in a European Union area that you have studied. You may include a diagram in your answer.

5. PP - June 04 (Higher) Mark the text first and then consider the diagram if present to see if anything extra is added Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Simple statements showing some appreciation of the idea of industry as a system but no recognition that the answer is referring to a specific industrial system from the EU (UK example acceptable). Raw materials go into the factory. They are then made into a chair, which is then sold. Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) Need an example to get to Level 2. In the Ruhr, coal and iron ore is made into steel which is then made into cars Level 3 Detailed (5-6 marks) Must refer to inputs, processes and outputs. E.g. The Steel industry in the Ruhr, which produces 16% of the EU’s steel production, gets its coal locally and iron ore is imported from Sweden and Brazil via the River Rhine. Local limestone is another input. The blast furnaces produce iron, which is converted to steel and then sold for manufacture into tinplate, from which cars and other finished products are made. (6 marks)

6. PP - June 04 (Foundation) Describe the inputs, processes and outputs for one type of industry in an European Union area that you have studied. You may include a diagram in your answer.

7. PP - June 04 (Foundation) Mark the text first and then consider the diagram if present to see if anything extra is added. Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Simple statements showing some appreciation of the idea of industry as a system but no recognition that the answer is referring to a specific industrial system from the EU (UK example acceptable). Raw materials go into the factory. They are then made into a chair, which is then sold. Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) In the Ruhr, coal and iron ore is made into steel, which is then made into cars. An example is needed to get to top of Level 2.

8. Factors which affect industrial location FACTORY POWER SOURCE MARKET LABOUR SITE RAW MATERIALS TRANSPORT

9. Factors affecting the location of industry

10. Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Simple statements with no attempt to relate to decline. Raw materials run out / Foreign competition / use of fewer materials. Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) At least 2 factors explained for Level 2 Linked statement relating factor to decline of a particular industry. If not named, assume it is the steel industry. Industry has declined because of competition from abroad where they can produce the goods more cheaply. Local raw materials have run out so they have to be imported making them more expensive. Plastics and other materials have replaced the products of heavy industry. 4 marks

11. Level 3 Detailed (7-9 marks) Linked and elaborated statements with reference to least on example of a factor influencing industrial location or an area where these factors apply. Iron and steel make use of large amounts of bulky raw materials such as coal, iron ore and limestone, so it needs to be located near a source of these raw materials or on the coast so that they can be easily imported. Where there is a high level of unemployment, government can start retraining schemes, so that redundant workers from heavy industry are skilled enough to work in newer lighter industry. 9 marks

12. Level 2 Clear (4-6 marks) Linked statements which shows impact an industrial location; Heavy industry needs large amounts of bulky raw materials so the industry will be found near to these raw materials or a good transport system. A heavy industry needs a flat site to build the factory on. Government policy can encourage industry into an area of high employment by means of grants and retraining.

13. Level 1 Basic (1-3 marks) Max Level 1 if not a factor on Figure 10 Simple statements. Simple lifts with some development. Lifts from Figure 10 with some description of what they mean but not related to location of industry. Industry will locate near to a source of energy. The government can encourage industry to move to an area. Industry needs to be where it can get raw materials.

14. Much UK industry dates from the C19 and is described as being HEAVY, this means it employed many people and was tied to certain locations because of specific requirements – in particular; 1.The need for coal - as the power source. 2.Access to bulky raw materials e.g. salt/ limestone in the chemical industry. 3.Where suitable sites existed e.g. large and flat land.

15. Port Talbot Steel Works

16. On coast for water for industrial processes On coast for. transportation of RM such as lime stone. Flat land for building Room for expansion Close to motorways Near to urban areas such as Port Talbot, Neath and Swansea for labour Railway lines for. transportation of coal as a source of power.

18. The Geology of South Wales

20. South Wales

21. The Location of Steel-making industries

22. Today however these locations are often very disadvantages; 1.The site may be too cramped. 2.The raw materials might have to be imported at great cost and as a result many industries have declined e.g. shipbuilding and textiles. Often relocating in cheaper locations abroad e.g. Bangladesh.