1. Chapter 01

2. A Singular Theme Basic structures and mechanisms that sustain life are common to all living creatures All forms of life are connected to one another and to their predecessors

3. Homologous Patterns Common patterns in bones are signs of biological unity

4. Cells Basic structural unit of all living things Gather fuel and building materials Produce usable energy Grow and duplicate

5. Cells Every living thing is a cell or is made of cells All cells contain nearly the same molecules and undergo similar interactions

6. Size and Speed The smaller an object is, the faster it can move Life depends on frequent and vigorous collisions of molecules

7. Relative Sizes

9. Atoms Elemental units of which everything is made Atomic Diameters: one to a few hundred millionths of an inch

10. Molecules Atoms bonded together CO 2 : source of life’s carbon atoms O 2 : crucial to energy generation in most life forms H 2 O: aids chemical events inside cells

11. Molecules

12. Simple Molecules Sugars, nucleotides, amino acids Food and/or building materials

13. Chain Molecules Long strings of simple molecules linked together Protein: amino acid chain DNA and RNA: nucleotide chains

14. Molecular Structures Chain molecules fit together in complex architectural arrangements Form cell’s infrastructure

15. Cell Nucleus: contains most of DNA Cytoplasm: surrounds nucleus; site of most active cell processes

16. Animal Cell

17. Microscopy Mid 1600s: first evidence of existence of things smaller than the unaided eye could see Robert Hooke: viewed a cork slice with a magnifying lens; named densely- packed empty chambers “cells”

18. Measurement Units Meter: standard metric system unit of length Centimeter = 1 x 10 -2 meter Millimeter = 1 x 10 -3 meter Micrometer = 1 x 10 -6 meter Nanometer = 1 x 10 -9 meter

19. Light Microscope Magnifies and focuses image formed when light passes through an object Can’t distinguish objects smaller or closer together than the shortest wavelength of visible light (200 nm)

20. Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Use beam of electrons controlled by electric or magnetic fields Possible to see details of cell surfaces and rough shapes of large molecular structures

21. Scanning Electron Micrograph The mitochondrion (M) is about the same size as a common bacterium (E. coli)

22. Electron Micrograph View of the nucleus (N), Golgi bodies (G), and vesicles (V)

23. X-ray Diffraction Used to study structural details of individual proteins Technique contributed to discovery of DNA double helix structure and structure of hemoglobin

24. X-ray Diffraction Protein molecules isolated and crystallized so they stack regularly in a three-dimensional lattice Beam of x-rays focused on protein crystal – regularly repeating atoms in crystal structure deflect x-rays at certain angles X-rays produce pattern of exposure spots on photographic film placed behind protein sample

25. X-ray Diffraction X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA captured by Rosalind Franklin The X is an indicator of a helical molecular shape

26. Scientific Process Observe an interesting event or phenomenon Identify a particular aspect of it that can be stated as a problem Produce an hypothesis that explains the event Test the hypothesis by experiment

27. Scientific Method Conclusions scientists arrive at after testing many hypotheses are statements that have probability of reflecting reality; they are never certainties An idea becomes substance only if it fits into a dynamic accumulating body of knowledge

28. Ultracentrifuge Used to separate and compare sizes of cell components A rotor spins tubes containing materials from broken cells at speeds of up to 80,000 rpm Cell components separate out according to size

29. The Way Life Works Central Characters DNA: information

30. The Way Life Works Central Characters Protein: machinery

31. Your Itinerary Patterns

32. Energy and Information

33. Machinery and Feedback

34. Community and Evolution