1. Inductance and AC Circuits

2. Mutual Inductance Self-Inductance Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field LR Circuits LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations LC Circuits with Resistance ( LRC Circuits) AC Circuits with AC Source

3. LRC Series AC Circuit Resonance in AC Circuits Impedance Matching Three-Phase AC

4. Homework Ch. 32 –Exer. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12,

5. Inductance Induced emf in one circuit due to changes in the magnetic field produced by the second circuit is called mutual induction. Induced emf in one circuit associated with changes in its own magnetic field is called self-induction.

6. Inductance Unit of inductance: the henry, H: 1 H = 1 V·s/A = 1 Ω·s.

7. Mutual inductance: magnetic flux through coil2 due to current in coil 1 Induced emf due to mutual induction: Mutual Inductance

8. Solenoid and coil. A long thin solenoid of length l and cross-sectional area A contains N 1 closely packed turns of wire. Wrapped around it is an insulated coil of N 2 turns. Assume all the flux from coil 1 (the solenoid) passes through coil 2, and calculate the mutual inductance.

9. Mutual Inductance Reversing the coils. How would the previous example change if the coil with turns was inside the solenoid rather than outside the solenoid?

10. A changing current in a coil will also induce an emf in itself: Self-inductance: magnetic flux through the coil due to the current in the coil itself: Self-Inductance

11. Solenoid inductance. (a) Determine a formula for the self-inductance L of a tightly wrapped and long solenoid containing N turns of wire in its length l and whose cross-sectional area is A. (b) Calculate the value of L if N = 100, l = 5.0 cm, A = 0.30 cm 2, and the solenoid is air filled.

12. Self-Inductance Direction of emf in inductor. Current passes through a coil from left to right as shown. (a) If the current is increasing with time, in which direction is the induced emf? (b) If the current is decreasing in time, what then is the direction of the induced emf?

13. Self-Inductance Coaxial cable inductance. Determine the inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable whose inner conductor has a radius r 1 and the outer conductor has a radius r 2. Assume the conductors are thin hollow tubes so there is no magnetic field within the inner conductor, and the magnetic field inside both thin conductors can be ignored. The conductors carry equal currents I in opposite directions.

14. Homework Ch. 32 –Exer. 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, –Exer. 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, –Exer. 37, 38, 39, 40, –Prob. 5, 10,

15. A circuit consisting of an inductor and a resistor will begin with most of the voltage drop across the inductor, as the current is changing rapidly. With time, the current will increase less and less, until all the voltage is across the resistor. LR Circuits

19. If the circuit is then shorted across the battery, the current will gradually decay away: LR Circuits.

22. An LR circuit. At t = 0, a 12.0-V battery is connected in series with a 220-mH inductor and a total of 30-Ω resistance, as shown. (a) What is the current at t = 0? (b) What is the time constant? (c) What is the maximum current? (d) How long will it take the current to reach half its maximum possible value? (e) At this instant, at what rate is energy being delivered by the battery, and (f) at what rate is energy being stored in the inductor’s magnetic field?

23. Just as we saw that energy can be stored in an electric field, energy can be stored in a magnetic field as well, in an inductor, for example. Analysis shows that the energy density of the field is given by Energy Density of a Magnetic Field

24. Energy Stored in an Inductor The equation governs the LR circuit is Multiplying each term by the current i leads to

25. Energy Stored in an Inductor Therefore, the third term represents the rate at which the energy is stored in the inductor The total energy stored from i=0 to i=I is

26. Energy Density of a Magnetic Field The self-inductance of a solenoid is L=μ 0 nA 2 l. The magnetic field inside it is B=μ 0 nI. The energy stored thus is Since Al is the volume of the solenoid, the energy per volume is This is the energy density of a magnetic field in free space.

27. LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations An LC circuit is a charged capacitor shorted through an inductor.

28. Electromagnetic Oscillations

29. The current causes the charge in the capacitor to decreases so I=-dQ/dt. Thus the differential equation becomes LC Circuits Across the capacitor, the voltage is raised by Q/C. As the current passes through the inductor, the induced emf is –L(dI/dt). The Kirchhof’s loop rule gives

30. The charge therefore oscillates with a natural angular frequency LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations The equation describing LC circuits has the same form as the SHO equation:.

31. Electromagnetic Oscillations The charge varies as The current is sinusoidal as well: Remark: When Q=Q 0 at t=t 0, we have φ=0.

32. LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations The charge and current are both sinusoidal, but with different phases.

33. LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations The total energy in the circuit is constant; it oscillates between the capacitor and the inductor:

34. LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations LC circuit. A 1200-pF capacitor is fully charged by a 500-V dc power supply. It is disconnected from the power supply and is connected, at t = 0, to a 75-mH inductor. Determine: (a) the initial charge on the capacitor; (b) the maximum current; (c) the frequency f and period T of oscillation; and (d) the total energy oscillating in the system.

35. LRC Circuits Any real (nonsuperconducting) circuit will have resistance.

36. LRC Circuits Adding a resistor in an LC circuit is equivalent to adding –IR in the equation of LC oscillation Initially Q=Q 0, and the switch is closed at t=0, the current is I=-dQ/dt. The differential equation becomes

37. LRC Circuits The equation describing LRC circuits now has the same form as the equation for the damped oscillation: The solution to LRC circuits therefore is

38. LRC Circuits where ω 0 2 =1/LC. The system will be underdamped for R 2 4L/C. Critical damping will occur when R 2 = 4L/C. The damped angular frequency is

39. LRC Circuits This figure shows the three cases of underdamping, overdamping, and critical damping.

40. LRC Circuits Damped oscillations. At t = 0, a 40-mH inductor is placed in series with a resistance R = 3.0 Ω and a charged capacitor C = 4.8 μF. (a) Show that this circuit will oscillate. (b) Determine the frequency. (c) What is the time required for the charge amplitude to drop to half its starting value? (d) What value of R will make the circuit nonoscillating?

41. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors have different phase relationships between current and voltage when placed in an ac circuit. The current through a resistor is in phase with the voltage. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

42. Therefore, the current through an inductor lags the voltage by 90°. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the inductor is given by or.

43. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the inductor is related to the current through it: The quantity X L is called the inductive reactance, and has units of ohms:.

44. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source Example 30-9: Reactance of a coil. A coil has a resistance R = 1.00 Ω and an inductance of 0.300 H. Determine the current in the coil if (a) 120-V dc is applied to it, and (b) 120-V ac (rms) at 60.0 Hz is applied.

45. Therefore, in a capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 90°. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the capacitor is given by.

46. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the capacitor is related to the current through it: The quantity X C is called the capacitive reactance, and (just like the inductive reactance) has units of ohms:.

47. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source Example 30-10: Capacitor reactance. What is the rms current in the circuit shown if C = 1.0 μF and V rms = 120 V? Calculate (a) for f = 60 Hz and then (b) for f = 6.0 x 10 5 Hz.

48. 30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source This figure shows a high-pass filter (allows an ac signal to pass but blocks a dc voltage) and a low-pass filter (allows a dc voltage to be maintained but blocks higher-frequency fluctuations).

49. Analyzing the LRC series AC circuit is complicated, as the voltages are not in phase – this means we cannot simply add them. Furthermore, the reactances depend on the frequency. 30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

50. We calculate the voltage (and current) using what are called phasors – these are vectors representing the individual voltages. Here, at t = 0, the current and voltage are both at a maximum. As time goes on, the phasors will rotate counterclockwise. 30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

51. Some time t later, the phasors have rotated. 30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

52. The voltages across each device are given by the x -component of each, and the current by its x -component. The current is the same throughout the circuit. 30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

53. We find from the ratio of voltage to current that the effective resistance, called the impedance, of the circuit is given by 30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

54. The phase angle between the voltage and the current is given by The factor cos φ is called the power factor of the circuit. or

55. 30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit Example 30-11: LRC circuit. Suppose R = 25.0 Ω, L = 30.0 mH, and C = 12.0 μF, and they are connected in series to a 90.0-V ac (rms) 500-Hz source. Calculate (a) the current in the circuit, (b) the voltmeter readings (rms) across each element, (c) the phase angle , and (d) the power dissipated in the circuit.

56. The rms current in an ac circuit is Clearly, I rms depends on the frequency. 30-9 Resonance in AC Circuits

57. We see that I rms will be a maximum when X C = X L ; the frequency at which this occurs is f 0 = ω 0 /2π is called the resonant frequency. 30-9 Resonance in AC Circuits

58. 30-10 Impedance Matching When one electrical circuit is connected to another, maximum power is transmitted when the output impedance of the first equals the input impedance of the second. The power delivered to the circuit will be a minimum when dP/dt = 0 ; this occurs when R 1 = R 2.

59. 30-11 Three-Phase AC Transmission lines usually transmit three- phase ac power, with the phases being separated by 120°. This makes the power flow much smoother than if a single phase were used.

60. 30-11 Three-Phase AC Example 30-12: Three-phase circuit. In a three-phase circuit, 266 V rms exists between line 1 and ground. What is the rms voltage between lines 2 and 3?

61. Mutual inductance: Energy density stored in magnetic field: Summary of Chapter 30 Self-inductance:

62. Summary of Chapter 30 LR circuit: LC circuit:..

63. Summary of Chapter 30 LRC series circuit: Resonance in LRC series circuit:.