2. POWERGRAPHS What Makes Powerful Paragraphs?

3. What is a Paragraph?  A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic

4. Effective Paragraphs must have:  A Topic Sentence  Unity  Coherence  Adequate Development

5. Unity  The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with one focus or major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.

6. Unity Example: Good or Bad?  Assigned seating in the cafeteria contributes to the bullying problem at CCMS. Students who are forced to sit with students who do not want to sit with them experience taunting and name calling on a daily basis. Allowing students to sit where they want would allow student to socialize with their friends. Friendships are the most important thing to middle school students.

7. Bad Example: Changes focus Assigned seating in the cafeteria contributes to the bullying problem at CCMS. Students who are forced to sit with students who do not want to sit with them experience taunting and name calling on a daily basis. Allowing students to sit where they want would allow student to socialize with their friends. Friendships are the most important thing to middle school students.

8. Coherence  The trait that makes the paragraph easily understandable to the reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating bridges  There are two kinds of bridges: logical bridges and verbal bridges

9. Logical Bridges  The same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence  Successive sentences can be constructed in parallel form

10. Verbal Bridges  Key words can be repeated in several sentences  Synonymous words can be repeated in several sentences  Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences  Transition words can be used to link ideas from different sentences

11. A Topic Sentence  A sentence that indicates in a general way what idea or thesis the paragraph is going to deal with.  An easy way to make sure your reader understands the topic of your paragraph is to put your topic sentence near the beginning of the paragraph (first sentence).

12. Adequate Development  Writers beware of paragraphs that only have two or three sentences! These are not fully developed paragraphs.  After the topic sentence you should have adequate development to explain, demonstrate, illustrate and/or make clear what you are trying to say to the reader.

13. Development Ideas:  Use examples and illustrations  Cite data  Examine testimony  Use a story  Define terms  Compare contrast  Evaluate causes and reasons  Examine effects and consequences  Analyze the topic  Describe the topic  Offer a chronology of events  research

14. POWERGRAPH  Transition (word, phrase or sentence)  Topic Sentence – paragraph assertion  Supporting Detail #1  Elaboration- commentary  Supporting Detail #2  Elaboration- commentary  Supporting Detail #3  Elaboration- commentary