1. California Science Standards #1f, 1g, 1i, 6d, 9a 1 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis, Fermentation, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

2. 2 Review CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Photosynthesis – Store Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O Cellular respiration – Just the of photosynthesis – Release energy reverse

3. 3 Cellular Respiration An Overview (“Map”) ATP

4. 4 Glycolysis Breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid – STEP 1: Two P’s (from two ATPs) attach to glucose, making a new 6-C compound – STEP 2: The new 6-C compound is split into two 3-C molecules of PGAL (just like Calvin) – STEP 3: The two PGALs each receive another Phosphate group; 2 NADHs formed – STEP 4: All P’s are stripped off (eeek!), revealing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 4 new ATPs are made when 4 ADPs receive the P’s Glycolysis has a net yield of 2 ATPs. How?

5. 5 Glucose 6-carbon compound 2 molecules of PGAL 2 molecules of 3-C compound 2 molecules of pyruvic acid STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 CCCCCCCCCCCC PP CCCPCCCP CCCPPCCCPP CCCCCC -2 ATP 2 NAD+ 4 ATP

6. 6 Glycolysis, Continued Watch

7. 7 Cellular Respiration Check the Map… ATP

8. 8 Fermentation No oxygen? No problem… 2 types: lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation Pros: can regenerate NAD+ when short on O 2 – Keeps glycolysis going Cons: Cannot produce ATP

9. 9 Lactic Acid Fermentation Manufacture of yogurt, cheese Muscle cells – “Anaerobic exercise” (sprints) – Lactic acid build-up (muscle burn, fatigue, cramps) Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Glucose CCCCCCCCCCCC NAD+NADH + H+

10. 10 Alcoholic Fermentation Basis of wine and beer industries – Yeast + fruit juice = alcohol Takes place when making bread – CO 2 makes bread rise; alcohol evaporates Pyruvic acid Ethyl alcohol Glucose CCCCCCCCCCC NAD+NADH + H+ 2-C compound CC C CO 2

11. 11 Section 7-1 Review Do page 131, #1-6

12. 12 Cellular Respiration Check the Map… ATP

13. 13 Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Produces nearly 20x as much ATP as is produced by glycolysis alone 2 major stages: – Krebs cycle – Electron transport chain

14. 14 Krebs Cycle 1 st stage of aerobic respiration Breaks down acetyl CoA, producing CO 2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP – STEP 1: Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid – STEP 2: Citric acid releases a CO 2 molecule to form a 5-C compound – STEP 3: The 5-C compound releases a CO 2 molecule to form a 4-C compound – STEP 4: The 4-C compound is converted into a new 4- C compound – STEP 5: The new 4-C compound is converted back into oxaloacetic acid

15. 15 Citric acid CCCCCC Oxaloacetic acid CCCC CC 4-C compound CCCC C ATP NADH 5-C compound CCCCC C NADH 4-C compound CCCC FADH 2 Krebs Cycle

16. 16 Electron Transport Chain 2 nd stage of aerobic respiration Located on inner membrane folds (cristae) of mitochondrion cristae

17. 17 Electron transport chain is here

18. 18

19. 19 Electron Transport, continued Electron transport is the “clean-up batter” – “Bats” in NADH’s and FADH 2 ’s (“base runners”) to make mucho ATP (“runs” or RBI’s). How? 1. Electrons in NADH and FADH 2 are “hot potatoes” 2. They get passed down the chain, and their “heat” helps pump protons from the matrix (inner compartment) to the outer compartment 3. The concentration gradient of protons drives the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22 Total ATP From Cellular Respiration