1. I. Classifying Matter
Pure substance – the matter that always has exactly the same composition.
Table salt and table sugar are two examples of pure substances.
Substances can be classified into two categories—elements and compounds.
Every sample of a given substance has the same properties because a substance has a fixed, uniform composition.

2. element - a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of atom.
Atom- the smallest particle of an element
No two elements contain the same type of atom.

3. Examples of Elements
Some elements are solids at room temperature.
Aluminum in soft drink cans
Carbon in pencil lead
The elements are gases at room temperature
oxygen and nitrogen in the air you breathe.
Two elements are liquids at room temperature
bromine and mercury.

4. Symbols for Elements
Chemists use symbols of one or two letters to represent elements. The first letter is always capitalized. If there is a second letter, it is not capitalized.
C represents carbon.
Al represents aluminum.
Au represents gold. (The Latin name for gold is aurum.)

5. Elements
Aluminum, carbon, and gold are elements that you can see in common objects, such as cans, pencils, and rings. Mixtures containing iodine are used to prevent and treat infections.
Gold
Aluminum
Carbon
Iodine

6. compound is a substance that is made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances.
A compound always contains two or more elements joined in a fixed proportion.
The properties of a compound differ from those of the substances from which it is made.
Water is composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room temperature, but water is a liquid.
Hydrogen can fuel a fire, and oxygen can keep a fire burning, but water does not burn or help other substances to burn.

7. Mixtures
The properties of a mixture can vary because the composition of a mixture is not fixed.
Mixtures can retain some of the properties of their individual substances.
The properties of a mixture are less constant than the properties of a substance.

8. Mixtures can be classified by how well the parts of the mixture are distributed throughout the mixture.
heterogeneous mixture, the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another.
homogeneous mixture, the substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance in the mixture from another.

9. Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
Based on the size of its largest particles, a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid.
Solution- when substances dissolve and form a homogenous mixture
Windshield wiper fluid

10. Suspension- a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layer over time
Muddy water collected from a pond

11. Colloid- contains some particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles of a solution and the larger particles in a suspension.
Do not separate into layers
You cannot use a filter to separate the parts

12. Which of these substances is a compound?
Assessment Questions
Which of these substances is a compound?
copper
water
oxygen
Carbon
ANS: B

13. Assessment Questions
Which of these groups of letters could be used as a symbol for an element? HF Cm
Car Fe
ANS: B & D

14. Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound?
Assessment Questions
Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound?
It is made of two or more elements.
It has components that are joined in fixed proportions.
It can be separated into components by physical methods.
It can be broken down into elements or other compounds.
ANS: C

15. How does a compound differ from a mixture?
Assessment Questions
How does a compound differ from a mixture?
A compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Compounds can be separated by physical processes and mixtures cannot.
The composition of a mixture cannot vary.
A compound is made of two or more elements in fixed proportion.
ANS: D

16. Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture?
Assessment Questions
Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture?
air
seawater
sand
Steel
ANS: C

17. Which of the following can be separated with a filter?
Assessment Questions
Which of the following can be separated with a filter?
colloids
compounds
solutions
Suspensions
ANS: D