1. 1QQ # 4: Answer one. 1.Starting with a drop in blood pressure, diagram the sequence of events that begins with the secretion of renin and ends with responses that act to restore blood pressure toward normal. 2.A) What gland is the source of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone? B) What are the target cells of TRH? C) How does TRH get to its target cells (be specific.) D) What do the target cells of TRH do when stimulated by TRH? E) How is the secretion of TRH affected as the concentration of T4 increases?

2. Thyroid Gland TH =T3 and T4 Fenestrated Capillary (typical of endocrine glands) S1

3. Synthesis, Storage and Secretion of T3 and T4 Roles of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) TH increases cell metabolism & heat production (BMR) Tropic: directs controls, regulates Trophic: growth S2

4. Who Cares?

5. Symptoms of hypothyroidism Levels of TSH and TH? Explain enlarged thyroid gland Cause: Inadequate dietary intake of iodine Treatment? Endemic Goiter TRH TSH T3 & T4 Goiter Elevates basal metabolic rate, potentiates response to EPI If hypothyroid during pregnancy… cretinism = congenital hypothyroidism S 4

6. Who else Cares?

7. Aunt Dot S 5

8. T3 and T4 from Thyroid gland TSH from Ant. Pit. TRH from Hypothal. ⇧Metabolic rate ⇧Temperature ⇧sensitivity to EPI (up-regulation of adrenergic receptors) ⇧Heart rate and ⇧Blood Pressure ⇧Lipolysis and fuel mobilizationWeight loss The cause: Abnormal Immunoglobulins in patient activate TSH receptors on Thyroid cells ⇩ ⇩ Grave’s Disease S 6 Blood test: TSH levels low TH levels high

9. Grave’s Disease Treatment: Radioactive Iodine Mechanism:…….. S 7

10. ⇧Cortisol secretion from Adrenal Cortex Mobilize fuel from muscle & adipose tissue Suppress non-essential functions (reproduction & growth) Suppress inflammatory & immune responses Potentiates response to EPI (vascular smooth muscle) ACTH from Ant. Pit CRH from Hypothalamus Physical trauma Prolonged exposure to cold Prolonged intense exercise Infection Sleep deprivation Pain Fright Emotional distress Vasopressin Cytokines from immune cells Excess Cortisol from 1) adrenal cortex tumor (primary) or 2) hypersecretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary (secondary) Cushing’s Syndrome Basal levels of Cortisol Required for normal sensitivity to EPI; symptoms of excess cortisol are….. Clinical example: treatment of chronic inflammation (e.g. arthritis) can lead to Cushing’s Syndrome! S 8