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Published byValentine Robbins Modified over 9 years ago
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English accents 6. Historical change (i)
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final [g] after [ŋ] sɪŋg ˈsɪŋgɪŋg ˈsɪŋgə ˈfɪŋgə [g] retained in northwest England, lost elsewhere compare
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the sound [x] lochlɒx, lɒk Bach bɑːx, bɑːk (German [bax]) The phoneme /x/ remains in Scottish English but has disappeared from English English …though sometimes used in foreign words
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loss of [x] x → f x → zero cough, rough, laugh… high, bough, daughter… Loughborough ˈlʌfbərə x → θ Keighley x → ʃ Greenhalgh
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long mid mergers pane peːn pain peɪn toe toː tow toʊ fall together lateleːt eighteɪt nosenoːz knowsnoʊz distinction remains in parts of Wales and the north of England
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long mid diphthonging face feːs feɪs day deɪ goatgoːt goʊt ( gəʊt) monophthongs remain in parts of the north of England, and in Wales, Scotland and Ireland; also in the Caribbean, and in Indian and African English
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FOOT-STRUT split fullfʊl dulldʊl dʌl putpʊt cutkʊt kʌt Except in the north of England, / ʊ / and / ʌ / have become separate phonemes
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strong short vowel systems typical southern system (6 vowels) typical northern system (5 vowels) ɪ ʊ e ʌ æ ɒ ɪ ʊ ɛ TRAP a ɒ LOT FOOT STRUT FOOT-STRUT KIT DRESS TRAP LOT
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NURSE merger servesɛrv sɝːv ( sɜːv) curvekʊrv kʌrv kɝːv ( kɜːv) pearl pɛrl pɝːl curl kʊrl kɝːl These vowels remain distinct in Scottish and some Irish English
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