1. Chapter 19

2. Eubacteria Are prokaryotes – have no membrane bound nucleus The larger of the 2 kingdoms Live almost everywhere Fresh water, salt water, land, inside the human body Eubacteria are usually surrounded by a cell of peptidoglycan

3. Archaebacteria lack the peptidoglycan of eubacteria have different membrane lipids The DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes are more like eukaryotes Live in extremely harsh environments

4. Archaebacteria Methanogens live in oxygen-free environments, such as thick mud and the digestive tracts of animals. Others live in salt lakes and hot springs

5. Shapes Bacilli – Rod shaped Cocci – Spherical Spirilla – Spiral / Corkscrew

6. Movement Some prokaryotes do not move at all. Others are propelled by flagella, whiplike structures used for movement. Other prokaryotes lash, snake, or spiral forward. Still others glide slowly along a layer of slimelike material they secrete. Cilia = hair-like structure for moving.

7. Metabolic Diversity Heterotrophs – need to find their own food Chemoheterotrophs = get energy and carbon from organic molecules Photoheterotrophs = Use sunlight for food, but also need organic compounds for carbon Autotrophs Photoautotrophs = use sunlight. Like green plants Chemoautotrophs = use chemical reactions from sulfide, nitrites, sulfur or iron.

8. Metabolic Diversity Obligate aerobes = need oxygen Obligate anaerobes = must live without oxygen. Facultative anaerobes = can live in either.

9. Growth & Reproduction Binary Fission - Grows 2x the size, copies DNA and divides. Asexual reproduction.

10. Growth & Reproduction Conjugation – Exchange genetic info thru a hollow tube

11. Growth & Reproduction Spore formation – formed by bacteria. Forms inside of bacteria and released when conditions are right. Allows bacteria to reproduce under harsh conditions

12. Importance Decomposers Break down dead matter and help recycle nutrients, maintaining equilibrium in the environment. Help in sewage treatment. Nitrogen Fixers Bacteria help transform nitrogen gas into a form they can use. Human Uses Clean up oil spills, digestion, medicines