1. CHAPTER 3 Section 3

2. Main Idea & Why it Matters The Northern Colonies developed a predominantly urban society, based on commerce and trade The states that were once the Northern colonies remain predominantly urban today.

3. 1.) INDUSTRY GROWS IN THE NORTH Even though England benefitted from mercantilism, the American colonies began to benefit just as much as England, if not more. a.) Diversified Economy The New England & Middle Colonies: - produced several cash crops per farm - raised a variety of crops: wheat & corn - raised animals: cattle, & hogs. b.) Diverse commercial economy developed: - Grinding wheat - Harvesting fish - Sawing lumber - Ship manufacturing - Iron manufacturing

4. Urban Life - Expansion in trade led to : population growth in port cities Charles Town in the South Boston, New York, & Philadelphia in the North. - Urbanization caused problems not found in rural areas. -Problems included: lack of clean water Lack of firewood Lack of firewood Spread of disease (no sanitation or sewer system) Spread of disease (no sanitation or sewer system) Constant fires (closely spaced buildings) Constant fires (closely spaced buildings) Poverty Poverty

5. NORTHERN SOCIETY IS DIVERSE a.) Influx of Immigrants 18 th Century: 18 th Century: – 585,000 immigrants from Europe came to New England & Middle Colonies. – 585,000 immigrants from Europe came to New England & Middle Colonies. -Germans: most immigrated to Pennsylvania to escape economic depression & for religious freedom. -Germans: most immigrated to Pennsylvania to escape economic depression & for religious freedom. -Scots-Irish: Philadelphia - descendants of Scottish Protestants who colonized Northern Ireland in the 1500’s & early 1600’s. -Scots-Irish: Philadelphia - descendants of Scottish Protestants who colonized Northern Ireland in the 1500’s & early 1600’s. -Dutch: settled in New York. -Dutch: settled in New York. -Scandinavians: settled in Delaware -Scandinavians: settled in Delaware -Jews: settled in cities like Newport & Philadelphia -Jews: settled in cities like Newport & Philadelphia

6. Slavery in the North Northern Farmers Northern Farmers Farms grew multiple crops Farms grew multiple crops less incentive to turn to slavery (farms were small) less incentive to turn to slavery (farms were small) African slavery (New England colonies) & racial prejudices did exist African slavery (New England colonies) & racial prejudices did exist Slaves in the North: Slaves in the North: Had greater legal rights than in south Had greater legal rights than in south still considered property still considered property lacked basic freedoms lacked basic freedoms could not gather or carry weapons. could not gather or carry weapons. 1712 uprising in NY – 21 executed 1712 uprising in NY – 21 executed 1741 suspicious fires – feared uprisings 1741 suspicious fires – feared uprisings burned alive 13 people and hanged 18 burned alive 13 people and hanged 18

7. Women in Northern Societies Lots of work responsibilities; few legal rights. weaving cloth, sewing clothes, tending the garden & livestock, baking & serving food, and making soap & candles. Barely any legal rights women couldn’t vote, enter into contracts, or buy property. Widows or single women only women who could run their own business only women who could run their own business worked as a nurse, teacher, laundress, seamstress, or servants In New England: Puritan law kept women under their husbands rule. “ Wives are part of the House and Family, and ought to be under a Husband’s Government: they should obey their own Husbands.”

8. Witchcraft Trials in Salem http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind- the-story-of-all-of-us-salem-witch-trials http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind- the-story-of-all-of-us-salem-witch-trials http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind- the-story-of-all-of-us-salem-witch-trials WHY DID THIS HAPPEN? Fanatical religious beliefs (good vs. evil) Strict limitations on women’s roles Social tensions Strained relations with Native Americans THE STORY February 1692: Salem girls accused West Indian slave woman, Tituba, of witch craft girls received a lot of attention girls began to accuse more people. The accused attempted to save themselves by accusing other people of witchcraft. The accused attempted to save themselves by accusing other people of witchcraft. Resulted in mass hysteria. Many women accused were thought to be too independent Ended with accusation of Governor’s wife 19 hanged, 1 crushed, 5 died in jail, 150 imprisoned

9. SALEM WITCH TRIALS Why Hysteria?

10. 6. Convulsive ergotism, a disease caused by eating infecting rye that can produce hallucinations, causing strange behavior? (Interesting theory, but unlikely.) 7. Teenage boredom. ---------No television, no CDs, and lots of Bible reading ---------Strict and humorless Parris household 8. Magistrates and judges receptive to accusations of witchcraft. ---------See as way to shift blame for their own wartime failures ---------Admission of spectral evidence 9. Confessing "witches" adding credibility to earlier charges. 10. Old feuds (disputes within congregation, property disputes) between the accusers and the accused spurring charges of witchcraft. 6. Convulsive ergotism, a disease caused by eating infecting rye that can produce hallucinations, causing strange behavior? (Interesting theory, but unlikely.) 7. Teenage boredom. ---------No television, no CDs, and lots of Bible reading ---------Strict and humorless Parris household 8. Magistrates and judges receptive to accusations of witchcraft. ---------See as way to shift blame for their own wartime failures ---------Admission of spectral evidence 9. Confessing "witches" adding credibility to earlier charges. 10. Old feuds (disputes within congregation, property disputes) between the accusers and the accused spurring charges of witchcraft.

11. THE COLONISTS CONSIDER NEW IDEAS Salem Witch Trials made people question the existence of God/Satan. By 1700, many changed how they viewed the world. By 1700, many changed how they viewed the world. - RESULTED IN TWO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS The Enlightenment & ‘Great Awakening’

12. The Enlightenment 1450 CE Philosophers in Europe used reason and scientific method to obtain knowledge. Scientists began to look beyond religion for answers Observation & reasoning led to: natural laws & principles governing the world and human behavior. (Copernicus, Galileo, Newton: world was not governed by chance or miracles but by fixed mathematical laws. Enlightenment ideas traveled from Europe to colonies.

13. The Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin: believed in obtaining truth through experimentation & reason. believed in obtaining truth through experimentation & reason. flying a kite in a thunderstorm proved that lightning was a form of electrical power and not a mysterious act of God. Franklin’s inventions: lightning rods, bifocal glasses, and a stove that heated homes more than other models. Literacy rates improved throughout the colonies. more than 50% of white males were literate due to public education. (more than England) Thomas Jefferson used reason to conclude that individuals have natural rights.

14. The Great Awakening To revive the doctrines of their Puritan ancestors. 1700’s Puritan church had lost influence in New England. Jonathan Edwards: sought to revive the intensity and dedication of the original Puritan vision. sought to revive the intensity and dedication of the original Puritan vision. Preached that church attendance was not enough for salvation. Preachers traveled to villages asking people to rededicate themselves to God. Religious revivals during the mid 1700’s were known as the Great Awakening Great Awakening brought many groups, including Native Americans & African Americans in organized Christian churches. brought many groups, including Native Americans & African Americans in organized Christian churches. universities were founded by Protestant groups: Princeton, Columbia, Dartmouth, & Brown to train ministers.

15. Question Authority The Great Awakening & Enlightenment led colonists to question traditional authority: Both movements stressed the importance of the individual: human reason & de- emphasizing established churches. Both movements stressed the importance of the individual: human reason & de- emphasizing established churches. Colonists began to question British authority over their lives.