1. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter 7 Prisons Today: Change Stations or Warehouses? 1

2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill History of Prisons in America Penitentiary – The earliest form of large-scale incarceration. Punished criminals by isolating them so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent and reform. Penitentiary – The earliest form of large-scale incarceration. Punished criminals by isolating them so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent and reform. Created by the Pennsylvania Quakers Created by the Pennsylvania Quakers The Pennsylvania system – The first historical phase of prison discipline, it involved solitary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment. The Pennsylvania system – The first historical phase of prison discipline, it involved solitary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment. Conceived by the American Quakers in 1790 and implemented at the Walnut Street Jail. Conceived by the American Quakers in 1790 and implemented at the Walnut Street Jail. 2

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill History of Prisons in America - Continued The Auburn system - The second historical phase of prison discipline. It followed the Pennsylvania system and allowed inmates to work silently together during the day while being isolated at night. The Auburn system - The second historical phase of prison discipline. It followed the Pennsylvania system and allowed inmates to work silently together during the day while being isolated at night. Implemented at New York’s Auburn prison in 1815, where, eventually, sleeping cells became congregate and restrictions against talking were removed. Implemented at New York’s Auburn prison in 1815, where, eventually, sleeping cells became congregate and restrictions against talking were removed. 3

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Stages of Development Penitentiary Era (1790-1825) Penitentiary Era (1790-1825) Mass Prison Era (1825-1876) Mass Prison Era (1825-1876) Prison is a place for punishment. Prison is a place for punishment. Reformatory Era (1876-1890) Reformatory Era (1876-1890) Focus on education Focus on education Industrial Era (1890-1935) Industrial Era (1890-1935) Inmates worked in prison industries. Inmates worked in prison industries. 4

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Industrial Era Public accounts system – the warden purchased materials and equipment and oversaw the manufacture, marketing and sale of prison-made items. Public accounts system – the warden purchased materials and equipment and oversaw the manufacture, marketing and sale of prison-made items. Contract system – the prison advertised for bids for the employment of prisoners, whose labor was sold to the highest bidder. Contract system – the prison advertised for bids for the employment of prisoners, whose labor was sold to the highest bidder. Convict lease system – a prison temporarily relinquished supervision of its prisoners to a lessee, who either employed the prisoners within the institution or transported them to work elsewhere in the state. Convict lease system – a prison temporarily relinquished supervision of its prisoners to a lessee, who either employed the prisoners within the institution or transported them to work elsewhere in the state. 5

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Industrial Era - Continued State use system – prisoners manufactured products consumed by state governments and their agencies, departments, and institutions. State use system – prisoners manufactured products consumed by state governments and their agencies, departments, and institutions. Public works system – prisoners were employed in the construction of public buildings, roads, and parks. Public works system – prisoners were employed in the construction of public buildings, roads, and parks. 6

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Prison Industries Legislation Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) – banned the interstate shipment of prison-made goods. Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) – banned the interstate shipment of prison-made goods. Ashurst-Sumners Act (1925) – prohibited carriers from accepting prison-made goods for transportation. Ashurst-Sumners Act (1925) – prohibited carriers from accepting prison-made goods for transportation. Also mandated the labeling of prison-made goods. Also mandated the labeling of prison-made goods. Sumners-Ashurst Act (1940) – forbids the interstate transportation of prison-made goods for private use. Sumners-Ashurst Act (1940) – forbids the interstate transportation of prison-made goods for private use. 7

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Stages of Development – Continued Punitive Era (1935-1945) Punitive Era (1935-1945) Emphasized strict punishment and custody Emphasized strict punishment and custody Alcatraz Alcatraz Treatment Era (1945-1967) Treatment Era (1945-1967) Medical model - A philosophy of prisoner reform in which criminal behavior is regarded as a disease to be treated with appropriate therapy. Medical model - A philosophy of prisoner reform in which criminal behavior is regarded as a disease to be treated with appropriate therapy. 8

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Stages of Development – Continued Community-Based Era (1967-1980) Community-Based Era (1967-1980) Zebulon Brockway opened the Detroit House of Corrections in 1861 for released women. Zebulon Brockway opened the Detroit House of Corrections in 1861 for released women. Offenders can be rehabilitated by using community resources. Offenders can be rehabilitated by using community resources. Warehousing Era (1980-1995) Warehousing Era (1980-1995) Indeterminate sentencing is replaced by determinate sentencing. Indeterminate sentencing is replaced by determinate sentencing. Incapacitation. Incapacitation. Just-Deserts Era (1995-present) Just-Deserts Era (1995-present) Focus on punishment. Focus on punishment. 9

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Prison Population On January 1, 2006 there were 1,525,924 adults under the jurisdiction of state and federal prison authorities On January 1, 2006 there were 1,525,924 adults under the jurisdiction of state and federal prison authorities The nation’s prison population grew 1.9% between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2006. The nation’s prison population grew 1.9% between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2006. The average annual growth since 1995 is 3.5%. The average annual growth since 1995 is 3.5%. About 1 in 3 black males, 1 in 6 Hispanic males and 1 in 17 white males are expected to go to prison during their lifetime. About 1 in 3 black males, 1 in 6 Hispanic males and 1 in 17 white males are expected to go to prison during their lifetime. 10

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Inmates By Sex Women represent the fastest growing population in correctional facilities. Women represent the fastest growing population in correctional facilities. Over the past decade, the number of women in prison has grown from 68,468 to 107,518. Over the past decade, the number of women in prison has grown from 68,468 to 107,518. This represents an increase of 57%. This represents an increase of 57%. The rate of incarceration for women was 65 per 100,000 women, compared with 929 per 100,000 for men. The rate of incarceration for women was 65 per 100,000 women, compared with 929 per 100,000 for men. The majority of women in prison are from a racial minority, young, poor, uneducated, and have a history of past physical or sexual abuse. The majority of women in prison are from a racial minority, young, poor, uneducated, and have a history of past physical or sexual abuse. 11

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Inmates By Race Minorities comprise about 20 percent of the U.S. population, but make up 65 percent of all incarcerated offenders. Minorities comprise about 20 percent of the U.S. population, but make up 65 percent of all incarcerated offenders. Black males in their 20s and 30s have high rates of incarceration relative to other groups: 8.1 percent of black non-Hispanic males age 25 to 29 were in prison on January 1, 2006, compared to almost 2.6 percent of Hispanic males and about 1.1 percent of white males in the same age group. Black males in their 20s and 30s have high rates of incarceration relative to other groups: 8.1 percent of black non-Hispanic males age 25 to 29 were in prison on January 1, 2006, compared to almost 2.6 percent of Hispanic males and about 1.1 percent of white males in the same age group. 12

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Additional Factors The nation’s prison population is aging. The nation’s prison population is aging. On January 1, 2006, 52% of state prisoners were held for violent offenses. On January 1, 2006, 52% of state prisoners were held for violent offenses. Among federal inmates, 55% of inmates were sentenced for drug offenses. Among federal inmates, 55% of inmates were sentenced for drug offenses. 13

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Classification The process of subdividing the prisoner population into meaningful categories to match offender needs with correctional resources. The process of subdividing the prisoner population into meaningful categories to match offender needs with correctional resources. External classification - Interinstitutional placement of an inmate that determines an inmate’s security level. External classification - Interinstitutional placement of an inmate that determines an inmate’s security level. Internal classification - Intrainstitutional placement that determines, through review of an inmate’s background, assignment to housing units or cellblocks, work, and programming based on the inmate’s risk, needs, and time to serve. Internal classification - Intrainstitutional placement that determines, through review of an inmate’s background, assignment to housing units or cellblocks, work, and programming based on the inmate’s risk, needs, and time to serve. 14

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill AIMS Personality Checklist Alpha I and Alpha II inmates – most likely to be a threat to the safety and security of the facility. Alpha I and Alpha II inmates – most likely to be a threat to the safety and security of the facility. Predators Predators Sigma I and Sigma II inmates – unlikely to be assaultive, but pose other management problems such as disregarding direct orders and disrupting the orderly operation of the institution. Sigma I and Sigma II inmates – unlikely to be assaultive, but pose other management problems such as disregarding direct orders and disrupting the orderly operation of the institution. High risk of being victimized. High risk of being victimized. Kappa inmates – least likely to present management problems. Kappa inmates – least likely to present management problems. 15

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Advantages Of Classification Separating inmates by risk level and program needs puts extremely aggressive inmates in high security. Separating inmates by risk level and program needs puts extremely aggressive inmates in high security. Minimizes misclassification, thus promoting a safe environment for inmates and staff. Minimizes misclassification, thus promoting a safe environment for inmates and staff. More accurately places inmates and more effectively deploys staff. More accurately places inmates and more effectively deploys staff. Enhances prison security by reducing tension in prison. Enhances prison security by reducing tension in prison. 16

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Unit Management and Faith- Based Honor Dorms and Prison Unit Management System: A method of controlling prisoners in self-contained living areas and making inmates and staff accessible to each other. Unit Management System: A method of controlling prisoners in self-contained living areas and making inmates and staff accessible to each other. Faith-based initiatives range from prisons and jails offering religious services, one or more housing units within a prison that are faith- based, entire prisons built around the faith- based concept, to faith-based parole and reentry initiatives. 17

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Work Assignments Meaningful work programs are the most powerful tool prison administrators have for managing crowding and idleness, two factors which can lead to disorder and violence. Meaningful work programs are the most powerful tool prison administrators have for managing crowding and idleness, two factors which can lead to disorder and violence. Three types: Three types: Operational assignments within the institution Operational assignments within the institution Community projects Community projects Prison industry Prison industry 18

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Justifications For Prison Industries It generates a safer prison management and better prison discipline through the reduction of idleness. It generates a safer prison management and better prison discipline through the reduction of idleness. It is cost-efficient. It is cost-efficient. It contributes to job training and rehabilitation. It contributes to job training and rehabilitation. It increases an inmate’s financial responsibility. It increases an inmate’s financial responsibility. 19

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Federal Prison Industries Established in 1934. Established in 1934. Meaningfully employs inmates. Meaningfully employs inmates. Provides job skills training. Provides job skills training. Operates under the trade name UNICOR. Operates under the trade name UNICOR. Starting pay: 23¢ per hour. Starting pay: 23¢ per hour. Maximum pay: $1.15 per hour. Maximum pay: $1.15 per hour. Inmates require high school diploma or GED to earn maximum wage rate. Inmates require high school diploma or GED to earn maximum wage rate. Statistically, parolees with UNICOR background are 24% likelier to succeed outside of prison. Statistically, parolees with UNICOR background are 24% likelier to succeed outside of prison. 20

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Education Programs A significant number of prisoners cannot read or write well enough to function in society. A significant number of prisoners cannot read or write well enough to function in society. An estimated 40% of state prison inmates, 27% of federal inmates, 47% of inmates in local jails, and 31% of probationers have not completed high school or a GED. An estimated 40% of state prison inmates, 27% of federal inmates, 47% of inmates in local jails, and 31% of probationers have not completed high school or a GED. Only 1/3 of all inmates released from prison will have participated in educational programs. Only 1/3 of all inmates released from prison will have participated in educational programs. While most prisons offer some type of educational programming, only 35% of prisoners participate in these programs. While most prisons offer some type of educational programming, only 35% of prisoners participate in these programs. 21

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Health Care In 1999 state and the federal government spent $2 billion to provide health care services to inmates. In 1999 state and the federal government spent $2 billion to provide health care services to inmates. Estelle v. Gamble – deliberate indifference to serious medical needs constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Estelle v. Gamble – deliberate indifference to serious medical needs constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Did not mandate unqualified access to health care. Did not mandate unqualified access to health care. 22

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Principle of Least Eligibility The requirement that prison conditions— including the delivery of health care—must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare. The requirement that prison conditions— including the delivery of health care—must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare. This was held constitutional. This was held constitutional. 23

24. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Prison Organization All 50 states and the Bureau of Prisons operate prisons. All 50 states and the Bureau of Prisons operate prisons. So do four local jurisdictions in the U.S.: So do four local jurisdictions in the U.S.: Cook County (Chicago) Cook County (Chicago) Philadelphia Philadelphia New York City New York City Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Institutional managers use either rated, operational, or design capacity data to set population accommodation limits. Institutional managers use either rated, operational, or design capacity data to set population accommodation limits. 24

25. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Capacity Rated Capacity - The number of beds or inmates a rating official assigns to an institution. Rated Capacity - The number of beds or inmates a rating official assigns to an institution. Operational Capacity - The number of inmates that a facility’s staff, existing programs, and services can accommodate. Operational Capacity - The number of inmates that a facility’s staff, existing programs, and services can accommodate. Design Capacity - The number of inmates that planners or architects intend for the facility. Design Capacity - The number of inmates that planners or architects intend for the facility. 25

26. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Operation Costs On average, states spend $22,650 a year to incarcerate one offender. On average, states spend $22,650 a year to incarcerate one offender. Maine has the highest reported annual operating cost per inmate, whereas Alabama has the lowest. Maine has the highest reported annual operating cost per inmate, whereas Alabama has the lowest. Differences in the cost of living, variation in employees salaries, climate, and inmate to staff ratios are the reasons for the variation among the states. Differences in the cost of living, variation in employees salaries, climate, and inmate to staff ratios are the reasons for the variation among the states. More than 40 states have passed legislation that allows their jails to charge fees. More than 40 states have passed legislation that allows their jails to charge fees. 26

27. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Security Levels Maximum – or close/high security prison - A prison designed, organized, and staffed to confine the most dangerous offenders for long periods. It has a highly secure perimeter, barred cells, and a high staff-to-inmate ratio. It imposes strict controls on the movement of inmates and visitors, and it offers few programs, amenities, and privileges. 27

28. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Security Levels - Continued Medium security prison - A prison that confines offenders considered less dangerous than those in maximum security, for both short and long periods. It places fewer controls on inmates’ and visitors’ freedom of movement than does a maximum-security facility. It places fewer controls on inmates’ and visitors’ freedom of movement than does a maximum-security facility. Has barred cells and a fortified perimeter. Has barred cells and a fortified perimeter. The staff-to-inmate ratio is generally lower than in a maximum-security facility, and the level of amenities and privileges is slightly higher. The staff-to-inmate ratio is generally lower than in a maximum-security facility, and the level of amenities and privileges is slightly higher. 28

29. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Security Levels - Continued Minimum security prison - A prison that confines the least dangerous offenders for both short and long periods. It allows as much freedom of movement and as many privileges and amenities as are consistent with the goals of the facility. It may have dormitory housing, and the staff-to- inmate ratio is relatively low. Open institution - A minimum-security facility that has no fences or walls surrounding it. 29

30. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Federal Bureau Of Prisons Established in 1930 with 13,000 inmates. Established in 1930 with 13,000 inmates. Operates 106 confinement and community- based correctional institutions. Operates 106 confinement and community- based correctional institutions. Employs more than 34,000 people. Employs more than 34,000 people. The BOP budget for 2007 was $5 billion. The BOP budget for 2007 was $5 billion. Institutional security classifications include: Institutional security classifications include: Minimum-security federal prison camps Minimum-security federal prison camps Low-security federal correctional institutions Low-security federal correctional institutions Medium-security federal correctional institutions Medium-security federal correctional institutions High-security U.S. penitentiaries High-security U.S. penitentiaries Administrative institutions Administrative institutions 30

31. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Does Incarceration Work? There is no strong or consistent relationship between the incarceration rate and the crime rate. There is no strong or consistent relationship between the incarceration rate and the crime rate. A study on inmates released in 1994 found that 68 percent were rearrested within three years. More than two-thirds of the recidivism occurred within the first year after incarceration. A study on inmates released in 1994 found that 68 percent were rearrested within three years. More than two-thirds of the recidivism occurred within the first year after incarceration. 31