1. 1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology October 24 Lecture 14

2. I will hold additional office hours and an exam review session in preparation for the exam: Friday, October 25: 11:30-2:30 (Kenny 3102) Monday, October 28: 12:00-2:00 (Kenny 3102) Tuesday, October 29: 5:00-6:00 (Kenny 2101, “Q&A” exam review session; please note change in time) 2 Announcement

3. 3 The peer mentors (Austin, Gordon) will hold a tutorial today: When? 5:00-6:00 (please note change in time) Where? Kenny 2101 Reminder

4. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 4

5. Psychology 3055 The Psychosocial Perspective 5 1.How are attachment styles assessed in adults? (continued) 2.What are the major correlates of attachment styles?

6. 6 3. identify the correlates of secure and insecure attachment styles. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 6 1. distinguish between attachment classification systems. 2. distinguish between attachment styles.

7. Psychology 3057 2. Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; continued) 7 How are attachment styles assessed in adults?

8. MODEL OF SELF MODEL OF OTHER Positive Negative SECURE FEARFULPREOCCUPIED DISMISSING 8

9.  Descriptions included in the RQ: “It is easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don’t worry about being alone or having others not accept me.” (Secure; 47% of university students) 9

10. “I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but I sometimes worry that others don’t value me as much as I value them.” (Preoccupied; 14% of university students) 10

11. “I am uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but I find it difficult to trust others completely, or to depend on them. I worry that I will be hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others.” (Fearful; 21% of university students) “I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient, and I prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me.” (Dismissing; 18% of university students) 11

12. Psychology 30512 What are the major correlates of attachment styles? In contrast to individuals who have an insecure attachment style (i.e., ambivalent, preoccupied, avoidant, fearful, dismissing, disoriented), individuals who have a secure attachment style: 12

13. Psychology 30513  are more satisfied in their relationships (commitment trust, interdependence; e.g., Butzer & Campbell, 2008; Cohen, 2006; Keelan, Dion, & Dion, 1994).  are more likely to seek support from and provide support to partners when distressed (e.g., Fraley & Shaver, 1998; Simpson et al., 2002). 13

14. Psychology 30514  are more likely to use conflict-resolution strategies that involve compromise (e.g., Campbell et al., 2005; Pistole,1989).  are less likely to infer hostile and rejecting intentions in ambiguous behaviour displayed by a partner (e.g., Collins, 1996).  have relatively high levels of self-esteem (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). 14

15. Psychology 30515  are less likely to experience depression (highest incidence found among avoidant individuals; e.g., Hankin et al., 2005).  are less likely to experience anxiety disorders (e.g., Elin-Dor et al., 2010; Warren et al., 1997).  are less likely to use ineffective coping strategies (e.g., alcohol consumption, distancing, self-criticism; e.g., Brennan & Shaver, 1995; Mikulincer et al., 1993). 15

16. Psychology 30516  are less likely to perpetrate in spousal abuse (highest incidence found among preoccupied and fearful men; Dutton et al., 1994).  are more likely to enjoy parenting and less likely to engage in child abuse (e.g., Moncher, 1996; Rholes et al., 2006).  experience greater satisfaction with work (e.g., Vasquez, Durik, & Hyde, 2002). 16

17. Psychology 30517  are relatively low in neuroticism, high in agreeableness, and high in extraversion. 17 Preoccupied individuals are highest in neuroticism. Avoidant individuals are lowest in agreeableness and extraversion (e.g., Shaver & Brennan, 1992).

18. 18 3. identify the correlates of secure and insecure attachment styles. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 18 1. distinguish between attachment classification systems. 2. distinguish between attachment styles.

19. Analysis of the Personality of a Dictator: Adolf Hitler Discussion Questions 1.Hitler used Darwin’s theory of evolution to justify his genocidal acts. Explain how Darwin’s theory could be used to justify genocide. 2. Can evolutionary psychology offer explanations for antisocial behaviour and/or psychopathy? 3. Speculate upon the physiological causes of antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy. 19

20. Discussion Questions, continued 4. Do you think that Hitler was primarily driven by life instincts (eros) or death instincts (thanatos)? 5. Freud suggested that personality is comprised of 3 components—the id, ego, and superego. Which of these components do you think dominated Hitler’s personality? 20

21. Discussion Questions, continued 6. Do you think that Hitler was fixated at an early stage of personality development? If so, at what stage was he fixated? What experiences or personality characteristics lead you to believe that he was fixated at this stage? 7. Do you think that Hitler used any defense mechanisms? If so, what defense mechanisms do you think he used? 21

22. Discussion Questions, continued 8. Do you think that Hitler successfully resolved all of the crises identified in Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? 9. Speculate upon Hitler’s attachment style as an adult. 22