2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Chapter 12 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Leo Kanner, 1943, first described autism  Asperger syndrome named for Hans Asperger  Early belief in “refrigerator mothers”  1981 – Lorna Wing distinguished autism and Asperger syndrome  1990 – autism category added to IDEA

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders …a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders PDDAutismAsperger Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Rett’s Disorder PDD (NOS) – Not otherwise specified

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Much controversy about prevalence  Some organizations say 1 : 166 children  IDEA estimates.18% of all school-age children with disabilities ages 6-12  DSM-IV-TR reported rate of 5 per 10,000 children  No consensus exists

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Dr. Bernard Rimland introduces terminology  About 10% of the population with autism have splintering skills in areas such as  Mathematical calculations  Memory feats  Artistic and musical abilities  Reading  Hyperlexia– ability to read without formal instruction

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 BiologicalBrain-BasedEnvironmental May be inheritedAbnormalities in cerebellum Controversy over immunization Higher frequency of siblings with autism Abnormalities in frontal and temporal lobes No single gene responsible

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Difficulty relating to others Wide range of language and communication disorders Insistence on environmental sameness Stereotypic, repetitive, self-stimulatory behaviors

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Cognitive abilities vary widely  Over-reliance on rote memory  Lacking a theory of mind  Problem solving challenges

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Language disorders Problems with communicative intent Asperger language problems Immaturity

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Stimulus overselectivity  Self-stimulatory behaviors  Generalization difficulties  Sensory issues

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Intellectual  75 % of individuals with autism have mental retardation; IQ norms between 35-50  Behavioral  Behavior screening examples  Childhood Autism Rating Scale; Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI)  Functional behavior assessment  Required by IDEA  Functional Assessment  Measures skills needed for independent living

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Typical Programs Often Include:  Intervention prior to age 3  20 – 45 hours of intervention weekly  Active family involvement  Focus on communication and development  Individualized interventions

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Teach work skills  Teach self-help skills  Teach play, leisure and recreation skills  Teach social skills  Teach sex education  Teach home management skills

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Environmental supports  Visual supports  Home base  Assistive technology  Instructional practices  Priming - familiarize students with academic material ahead of time  Discrete trial training (DDT) - highly specialized approach to teaching skills  Prompting - providing physical or verbal cues to specific behaviors

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Applied Behavior Analysis (Lovaas) Discrete Trial Training (DTT) (1) Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - the trainer's command (2) the child's response (3) the consequence (reward) (4) a short pause between the consequence and the next instruction (between interval trials).

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Psychological and Medical Services FFloor time (Greenspan) SSensory Perception Programs address issues of tactile defensiveness or extreme reaction to auditory stimulus MMedications used to alleviate symptoms such as aggression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD FFacilitated Communication (not effective)

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Manual sign language  PECS: Picture Exchange Communication System

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Instruction in social skills  Social stories  SOCCSS  Situation  Options  Consequences  Choices  Strategies  Simulation

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Parents need information and support  Need for intensive, early intervention for child  Role of parent is very demanding  Siblings also need support  Siblings play an important role  Need resources appropriate to age

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Better techniques for early diagnosis and assessment  Evidence-based interventions  More programs to train professionals