1. Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Section 1 Notes “Freedom and Partition!”

2. During and after WWI, Indian Nationalists increased their demands for freedom Britain responded with harsh new laws limiting freedom of the press and other rights in India Nationalists protested and then all public gatherings were banned. Nationalists determined to defy orders

3. Amritsar Massacre – many innocents people killed by British soldiers; led India to demand freedom!

4. 379 Indians died and more than 1,100 were wounded. Massacre deepened distrust of the British and led to increased violence

5. Gandhi: Civil disobedience – Refusal to obey unjust laws Satayagraha – “Truth Force”; idea that non-violent resistance will end injustice; first used by Gandhi in South Africa Apartheid: legal separation of races in South Africa

6. Salt March

7. British put a tax on salt Gandhi led followers on a 200-mile protest march Protest spread across India British arrested Gandhi and over 50,000 other Indians

8. After Independence (1947) 1947 – British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act – Ended British rule in Indian and divided the Indian subcontinent Partition (splitting) – India (mostly Hindu) – Pakistan (West and East Pakistan - which is now Bangladesh) – mostly Muslim

9. tRural Sikhs in a long ox-cart train headed towards India in 1947 by Margaret Bourke-White.owards

10. Rural Sikhs in a long ox-cart train headed India. 1947. Margaret Bourke-White. Rural Sikhs in a long ox-cart train headed towards India. 1947. Margaret Bourke-White.

12. Chapter 9.2 Outline answers

13. January 1948

14. Political Challenges Political Challenges 2. president; little 3. Parliament; 2 5. Dozens 6. Non-religious, secular

15. 7. 18; symbols 8. untouchables; full 9. pure 13. cultural diversity 14. Kashmir (S22) 15. Hindu-Muslim

16. (on S21) 16. Gandhi 17. Nehru 18. Jinnah