1. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

2. World Lung Foundation http://www.ariatlas.org/maps?id=0024

3. World Lung Foundation http://www.ariatlas.org/maps?id=0003

4. http://www.ariatlas.org/data_research/appendix_b

5. Acute Respiratory Infections

6. Important Viral Causes of Lower Respiratory Infections  Influenza  Para-influenza  Respiratory syncytial virus  Adenovirus  Human metapneumovirus (2001) common in comprised children and elderly persons  No etiologic agent found (33%)

7. Important Bacterial Causes of Lower Respiratory Infections Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Staphlococcus aureus No etiologic agent found (33%)

9. Common Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infections Poverty Crowding Low parental education Low birth weight Non-breastfeeding of infants Multiple causes and few vaccines

10. RISK FACTORS FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS Smoking – active and passive Air pollution – indoor and outdoor Crowding e.g family size, day care centers, refugee camps, poor housing Malnutrition Low birth weight Acute lower respiratory infections @ < 2 years Socioeconomic status

15. Barriers to Prevention and Control of Lower Respiratory Infections  Few vaccines for prevention  Difficult to change major risk factors  Limited access to appropriate care in areas of highest prevalence  No etiologic agent found  Cost of pneumococcol, rotavirus, and hemophilus vaccines

16. DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE Traditional:  Culture  Antigen detection Recent molecular strategies:  Nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT)  DNA microarray::  Streptococcal  Chlamydia  Coxiella  Legionella  Pseudomonas  Atypical bacteria