1. 1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS copyright cmassengale

2. 2 Protein Synthesis DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the ribosomes.DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the ribosomes. In the ribosomes, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make proteins.In the ribosomes, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make proteins. This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESISThis process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS copyright cmassengale

3. RNA 3

4. 4 Roles of RNA and DNA DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the BLUEPRINT (copy) of the Master Plan copyright cmassengale

5. 5 RNA Differs from DNA RNA has a sugar riboseRNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose copyright cmassengale

6. 6 Other Differences RNA contains the base uracil (U)RNA contains the base uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) RNA molecule is single-strandedRNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double- stranded DNA copyright cmassengale

7. 7 Structure of RNA copyright cmassengale

8. 8 Remember the Complementary Bases On DNA: A-T C-G On RNA: A-U C-G copyright cmassengale

9. 9. Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomesMessenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomesRibosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesizedTransfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized copyright cmassengale

10. 10 Messenger RNA Long Straight chain of Nucleotides Made in the Nucleus Copies DNA & carries info to ribosomes. copyright cmassengale

11. 11 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Globular in shapeGlobular in shape Are part of the ribosomes actual structure.Are part of the ribosomes actual structure. Site of protein Synthesis (where the proteins are made)Site of protein Synthesis (where the proteins are made) copyright cmassengale

12. 12 Transfer RNA (tRNA) Clover-leaf shape Single stranded molecule. Attachment site at one end for an amino acids. Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon. copyright cmassengale

13. 13 Transfer RNA amino acid attachment site UAC anticodon copyright cmassengale

14. 14 Codons and Anticodons The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon Example: Codon ACU Anticodon UGA UGA ACU copyright cmassengale

15. Transcription and Translation (The actual making of a protein.) 15copyright cmassengale

16. 16 Protein Synthesis   The production or synthesis of proteins.  Two phases: Transcription & Translation copyright cmassengale

17. 17 Transcription The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand. mRNA copies the template strand. copyright cmassengale

18. 18 Transcription During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA copyright cmassengale

19. 19 Transcription Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA Called the TATA box. copyright cmassengale

20. Transcription Specific base sequences act as signals to stop Called the termination signal. Once the Polymerase is done it falls off, the DNA re-zips up and the mRNA escapes out the nucleus. copyright cmassengale20

21. 21 mRNA Transcript mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes. copyright cmassengale

22. 22 Translation Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a protein. Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins copyright cmassengale

23. 23 Step 1- Initiation mRNA enters the ribosome and attaches to the tRNA. The tRNA has an anticodon that matches with the three “start” nucleotides.

24. 24 Initiation mRNA AUGCUACUUCG 2-tRNA G aa2 AU A 1-tRNA UAC amino anticodon hydrogen bonds codon copyright cmassengale

25. Step 2 - Elongation The ribosome moves down the mRNA strand. The first tRNA detaches and leaves it’s amino acid. Two new tRNA with their amino acids move into position (positions are called A and P) The new tRNAs have the correct amino acid for that specific codon. Each amino Acid forms a bond. 25copyright cmassengale

26. 26 mRNA AUGCUACUUCG 2-tRNA G Amino 1 Amino 2 AU A peptide bonds 3-tRNA GAA Amino 3 4-tRNA GCU Amino 4 ACU copyright cmassengale

27. 27 mRNA GCUACUUCG Amino 1 Amino 2 A peptide bonds 3-tRNA GAA Amino 3 4-tRNA GCU Amino 4 ACU UGA 5-tRNA Amino 5 copyright cmassengale

28. Termination tRNA’s will continue to read mRNA and hook up amino acids until “stop” codon is reached. A “stop” codon is three nucleotides on the mRNA that tRNA does not have an anticodon for. copyright cmassengale28

29. Dissaembly When the stop codon is reached the ribosome falls off, the protein goes into the body, and the tRNAs go out to find more amino acids. The ribosome will go find another strand of mRNA and the whole process starts over. 29

30. 30 End Product –The Protein! The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds 1 2 3 4 5 200 199 copyright cmassengale