1. From DNA to Protein Chapter 14

3. Ricin and your Ribosomes

5. DNA and RNA DNA has one function: It permanently stores a cell’s genetic information, which is passed to offspring. RNAs have various functions. Some serve as disposable copies of DNA’s genetic message; others are catalytic.

6. DNA template mRNA protein stop Gly Glu Amino acid Transcription Translation

7. Converting a Gene to an RNA Transcription Transcription Enzymes use the nucleotide sequence of a gene to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA Enzymes use the nucleotide sequence of a gene to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA Occurs in the nucleus Occurs in the nucleus

8. Converting mRNA to Protein Translation Translation The information carried by mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids, resulting in a polypeptide chain The information carried by mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids, resulting in a polypeptide chain

9. RNA in Protein Synthesis 3 Different Kinds of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) Contains information transcribed from DNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Main component of ribosomes, where polypeptide chains are built Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Delivers amino acids to ribosomes

10. Gene Expression Gene expression Gene expression A multistep process in which genetic information encoded by a gene is converted into a structural or functional part of a cell or body

11. Transcription: DNA to RNA Transcription: DNA to RNA RNA polymerase assembles RNA by linking RNA nucleotides into a chain RNA polymerase assembles RNA by linking RNA nucleotides into a chain A new RNA strand is complementary in sequence to the DNA strand from which it was transcribed A new RNA strand is complementary in sequence to the DNA strand from which it was transcribed

12. DNA template mRNA Transcription Transcription: DNA to RNA

13. Base-Pairing in DNA Synthesis and Transcription

14. The Process of Transcription RNA polymerase and regulatory proteins attach to a promoter (a specific binding site in DNA close to the start of a gene) RNA polymerase and regulatory proteins attach to a promoter (a specific binding site in DNA close to the start of a gene) RNA polymerase moves over the gene in a 5' to 3' direction, unwinds the DNA helix, reads the base sequence, and joins free RNA nucleotides into a complementary strand of mRNA RNA polymerase moves over the gene in a 5' to 3' direction, unwinds the DNA helix, reads the base sequence, and joins free RNA nucleotides into a complementary strand of mRNA

15. (gene)

17. Fig. 14-5a, p. 218

18. Fig. 14-7, p. 220 gene exonintronexonintronexon DNA transcription into RNA cap poly-A tail mRNA 5’ 3’ snipped out mRNA Pre- Post-Transcriptional Modifications

19. mRNA – The Messenger Codon-A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid Codon-A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid The order of codons in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain The order of codons in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

20. Genetic Information From DNA to mRNA to amino acid sequence codon

21. Codons of the Genetic Code

22. rRNA and tRNA – The Translators tRNAs deliver amino acids to ribosomes tRNAs deliver amino acids to ribosomes tRNA has an anticodon tRNA has an anticodon

23. Ribosomes 2 subunits Ribosomes made of rRNA & proteins

24. Translation: RNA to Protein Translation converts genetic information carried by an mRNA into a new polypeptide chain Translation converts genetic information carried by an mRNA into a new polypeptide chain

25. Translation Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells Translation occurs in three stages Translation occurs in three stages 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

27. Elongation

28. Fig. 14-12c, p. 223 Elongation C An initiator tRNA carries the amino acid methionine, so the first amino acid of the new polypeptide chain will be methionine. A second tRNA binds the second codon of the mRNA (here, that codon is GUG, so the tRNA that binds carries the amino acid valine). A peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids (here, methionine and valine).

29. Fig. 14-12d, p. 223 D The first tRNA is released and the ribosome moves to the next codon in the mRNA. A third tRNA binds to the third codon of the mRNA (here, that codon is UUA, so the tRNA carries the amino acid leucine). A peptide bond forms between the second and third amino acids (here, valine and leucine).

30. Fig. 14-12e, p. 223 E The second tRNA is released and the ribosome moves to the next codon. A fourth tRNA binds the fourth mRNA codon (here, that codon is GGG, so the tRNA carries the amino acid glycine). A peptide bond forms between the third and fourth amino acids (here, leucine and glycine).

31. Termination When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, polypeptide synthesis ends When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, polypeptide synthesis ends Release factors bind to the ribosome Release factors bind to the ribosome Enzymes detach the mRNA and polypeptide chain from the ribosome Enzymes detach the mRNA and polypeptide chain from the ribosome

32. Mutated Genes & Their Protein Products If the nucleotide sequence of a gene changes, it may result in an altered gene product, with harmful effects If the nucleotide sequence of a gene changes, it may result in an altered gene product, with harmful effects Mutations Mutations Small-scale changes in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA that alter the genetic code Small-scale changes in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA that alter the genetic code

33. Common Mutations Base-pair-substitution Base-pair-substitution Deletion or insertion Deletion or insertion

34. Fig. 14-13, p. 224 THREONINEPROLINEGLUTAMATE LYSINE THREONINEPROLINEVALINEGLUTAMATELYSINE THREONINEPROLINEGLYCINEARGININE c. Frame shift b. Base pair substitution a.Normal Hemoglobin chain

35. What Causes Mutations? 1. Spontaneous mutations Uncorrected errors in DNA replication Uncorrected errors in DNA replication Harmful environmental agents Harmful environmental agents 2. UV radiation 3. chemicals

36. Mutations Caused by Radiation Ionizing radiation damages chromosomes, nonionizing (UV) radiation forms thymine dimers Ionizing radiation damages chromosomes, nonionizing (UV) radiation forms thymine dimers

37. Inherited Mutations Mutations in somatic cells of sexually reproducing species are not inherited Mutations in somatic cells of sexually reproducing species are not inherited Mutations in a germ cell or gamete may be inherited, with evolutionary consequences Mutations in a germ cell or gamete may be inherited, with evolutionary consequences

39. Fig. 14-16, p. 226 Transcription Assembly of RNA on unwound regions of DNA molecule mRNA rRNA tRNA mRNA processing proteins mature mRNA transcripts ribosomal subunits mature tRNA Convergence of RNAs Translation cytoplasmic pools of amino acids, ribosomal subunits, and tRNAs At an intact ribosome, synthesis of a polypeptide chain at the binding sites for mRNA and tRNAs Protein