1. Ecological Restoration FOR 406 Silviculture

2. HarvestRegenerate Tend

3. HarvestRegenerate Tend

5. What is a “natural” ecosystem? Native (indigenous) species interact in a self- sustaining manner Species persist through natural recruitment rather than managed reproduction Population dynamics are regulated internally Disturbance regimes function within their pre- disruption range of variability Trophic dynamics are sustainable over time Usually equated with some pre-existing condition; e.g., “pre-European settlement” Attainable?

6. Porcupine Mountains State Park

7. Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore

8. What is an “unnatural” ecosystem? High proportion of nonnative (exotic) species Exhibits wide swings in population dynamics, thereby requiring continual management actions Dominated by disturbance regimes far different than those present before degradation Difficult or impossible to restore to natural conditions

12. What is a “degraded” ecosystem? Somewhere in between natural and unnatural conditions Potentially restorable to a more natural condition

15. Natural ecosystems Unnatural ecosystems Degraded ecosystems Restoration

16. “Historical ecology”

17. The desired future condition is a past condition How far past is past? The goal should be to achieve a historical range of variability Therefore, not only species and structures must be restored, but also processes “Historical ecology”

18. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems

19. Toumey Woods

20. Newton Woods

21. Estivant Pines

22. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat

24. Deep Shade Partial Intermittent Full sun shade shade sun Tolerant Moderately Moderately Intolerant tolerant intolerant Shade tolerance

26. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat General Land Office (GLO) survey records

28. 15 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 18 17 16 15 14 13 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 One township One section 12

29. S 16 S 22 S 15 S 21

34. Historic forest composition changes at a location in Cheboygan County Michigan (Data from Palik & Pregitzer 1992)

35. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat General Land Office (GLO) survey records Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions

36. J.W. Wing, 1839

37. “The scene was beautiful beyond description. The timber consisted of large oak trees standing several rods apart and the intermediate space between them was covered with bright green grass and beautiful flowers. The whole country had been burnt over every fall or spring, I presume for centuries, and everything has been destroyed except these giants of the forest. It appears as if one-half of the vegetation was flowers. The most of them were about 18 inches high and when moved by the wind the effect was wonderful.” J.W. Wing 1839 Oak opening west of Ann Arbor

39. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat General Land Office (GLO) survey records Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions Old photographs & maps

40. State Archives of Michigan

41. MSU Archives & Historical Collections MSU Archives & Historical Collections

42. MSU Archives & Historical Collections

43. MAC Exp. Sta. Bulletin 162 (1898)

44. Key to county acreage figures on 1898 map (top to bottom) Hardwood Pine Hemlock Plains Swamp

45. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat General Land Office (GLO) survey records Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions Old photographs & maps Micro-fossil (pollen) record

48. Pollen diagram from a bog in Lapeer County

49. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat General Land Office (GLO) survey records Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions Old photographs & maps Micro-fossil (pollen) record Dendrochronology

50. Ring wid t h (mm) Year 226 years of radial growth in a northern white cedar swamp near Escanaba

51. ~1890--tree 120 years old

53. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

54. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

56. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

60. Area of Michigan occupied by savanna communities circa 1800 (data from MNFI) ~2.2 million acres

61. Area of Michigan occupied by savanna communities today +1 thousand acres? X

62. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

63. Use of herbicides in restoration Post-emergents (selective placement): Foliar spray Stump application Bark application Pre-emergents: Spot seeding or plantings Large-area seeding (broadcast)

65. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

72. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

76. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

77. The enemy!

79. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

80. Begin the restoration, and they will come…

81. Light the fire, and they will come…

82. The Restoration Arsenal The Restoration Arsenal

83. Restoration Time Frame Fully restored Degraded 0 ? Years Natural Ecosystem 1050100

84. Agency, corporate, or unit budgets Government or foundation grants Private or corporate contributions Fund-raising events, auctions, or merchandise sales Entrance fees or donations All of the above No mon, no fun…

88. Since 1902

89. Production Reserve Integrated Management Matrix Integrated Management Matrix Adapted from Palik, Levy, & Crow