1. Porifera, Cnidarians and Ctenorphora

5. Sponges Are multicellular Cells do not form permanent tissue –Metazoan organization Sessile – non-motile Radial Suspension feeders, use choanocytes to drive water through canals and chambers Precambrian Classified according to chemical composition of spicules, (internal skeleton)

6. 4 different Classes Calcarea – made of calcite or silica (bony)

7. Hexactinellida – Glass sponge, found in deep water

8. Demospongiae – 90%of all sponges

9. Sclerospongiae – Skeleton made of calcium carbonate.

10. Anatomy of a typical sponge

11. Asconoid Sponges

12. Syconoid Sponges

13. Leuconoid Sponges

14. Class Calcarea Skeleton composed of calcium carbonate crystals Simple shapes: vase, pear, or cylinder Marine sponges only

15. Class Hexactinellida Spicules have 6 rays Marine sponges only Found in deep, cold water

16. Class Demospongiae 90% of all sponges are this type Marine and freshwater

17. Key Features Spicules have 4 basic symmetries –Monaxon, triaxon, tetraxon and polyaxon

18. Multicellular, body is a loose aggregate –Of cells Body has pores, canals and chambers that serve for passage of water All aquatic, mostly marine Radial symmetry or none. Epidermis of flat pinocytes, inner surface of choanocytes that create water current No organs or tissue, digestion intracellular, Excretion and respiration by diffusion No nervous system

19. All adults are sessile Asexual reproduction by buds and gemmules Sexual reproduction by eggs and sperm Free-swimming larvae

20. Important Environmental Indicators As filter feeders, if there are toxins/pollutants in the water, sponges are usually the first to suffer, becoming sickly and disappearing….. A great indicator that something is wrong with the marine environment.

21. Cnidarians 4 classes of Cnidarians Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa Cubozoa

22. Phylum Cnidarian (Coelenterata) knide- needle; arian- having -get their name from cells called cnidocytes which contain the stinging organelles called nematocysts -consist of plant-like hydroids, sea anemones, jellyfish, sea whips, sea fans, hard corals that make up reefs

23. Cnidarians Cnidarians have: Radial symmetry Diploblastic (double-layer of tissue) Simple, sac-like body Gastrovascular cavity

24. Two-stage life cycle of Cnidarians are carnivorous: Tentacles around the mouth capture prey animals and push them through the mouth Digestion begins in the gastrovascular cavity with the undigested remains being expelled through the mouth. Tentacles are armed with stinging cells, called cnidocytes

25. Class Hydrozoa It is a colony of individual medusae and polyps. One contributes a large floating gas sac above the water line Certain polyps have roles: 1.Some are concerned with feeding 2.Some move the colony through the water 3.Some have tentacles to catch fish 4.Some are responsible for reproduction

26. Class Hydrozoa Hydras, Portuguese Man-of-War Polyp stage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut9X X96XS4c&feature=player_embedded

27. Two-stage life cycle of Cnidarians http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/biodidac/scyphozoalifecycle1.gif/medium.jpg Adult Medusa (sexual phase) Exists as males or females. Polyp (asexual phase) Produces multiple medusae

28. Class Scyphozoa

29. Class Scyphozoa consists of solitary marine medusae called jellyfish because of the jelly- like material of their cell wall The surface of the tentacles are made up of many epitheliomuscular cells. Between these cells are specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes grouped together in “batteries”. Each battery has a nematocyst and when prey brush against the long triggers, venomous threads impales through the flesh

30. The common jellyfish or Aurelia True jellyfish These often reach a diameter of 30 centimeters The arctic jellyfish can grow to a diamter of 2 meters The mouth is surrounded by oral arms that function in transferring small organisms to the mouth

31. The stomach has four gastric pouches opening into many radial canals of the umbrella The radial canals lead into the ring canal The canals assure equal distribution of nutrients

32. Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla yer_detailpage&v=-Tp38DUjUnM

33. Class Anthozoa

34. Are marine polyps Some are individuals like sea anemones and some are colonial like coral Corals support themselves by secreting calcium- like skeletons Each polyp generation builds on the previous remains of earlier corals

37. Fringing coral surrounding a volcanic island

38. Fringing coral surrounding a subsiding volcanic island

39. An Atoll- Fringing coral surrounding a submerged volcanic island

41. Corals- generally found between 30º North and 30º South Need shallow clear water for photosynthesis and warm water for calcium production.

42. Class Cubozoa box jellies and sea whips Most lethal Survival rate for humans is in minutes https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=SP6TB8kiZB0 https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=zjHMMmLn gU4

43. Ctenophora “Comb-bearing” Comb jellies or sea walnuts http://www.youtube.com/watch?featur e=player_embedded&v=G7WT81ukH ZE http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature= player_detailpage&v=rHOYatB7c3s

44. Tentaculata – two tentacles Nuda – no tentacles TWO CLASSES

45. Ctenophora (tĬnŏf´ərə), a small phylum of exclusively marine, invertebrate animals, commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies Ctenophores are characterized by eight rows consisting of ciliated plates called ctenes (combs). Most ctenophores resemble biradially symmetrical jellyfish (phylum Cnidaria) but lack the cnidarian whorl of tentacles around the mouth.Cnidaria They lack the specialized stinging cells (nematocysts) found in coelenterates In order to capture prey, ctenophores possess sticky cells called colloblasts. In a few species, special cilia in the mouth are used for biting gelatinous prey. Have a complete digestive system.

48. Cnidarian vs. Ctenophora Very diversefew species Fresh & salt waterall marine Radial symmetrybi radial symmetry Have cnidocyteshave colloblasts No bioluminationhave biolumination Incomplete digest syscomplete digest sys No comb platehave a comb plate