1. Hawaiian Science ‘Ike o ka po‘e ‘imi loa Knowledge of a far-seeking people

2. Chant for knowledge E ‘io e, e ‘io e, e kū, e manu e O ‘Io, o hawk, stop, o bird Ke alu aku nei ka pule iā Hakalau Combining the prayers toward Hakalau Kulia ka lani iā Uli, iā namu, iā naue The chief strives toward Uli, toward mumbling, trembling Ka nehe i luna, ka nehe i lalo Rustling above, rustling below Ka‘a ‘ākau, ka‘a hema Rolling northward, rolling south

3. Chant for knowledge Kū makani, ha‘i ka lani The wind rises, the heavens break Hekili ka‘aka‘a i ka lani Thunder rolling in the heavens Ka uila nui mākēhā i ka lani Great lightning flashing in the heavens Pane i ka lani, e ola ke kanaka Reply to the chief, to bring life to the people Hō mai ka loea, ka ‘ike, ka mana Confer skill, knowledge, spiritual power

4. Chant for knowledge I a‘e ka honua la That the world continue ‘O waha lau ali‘i The many chiefly mouths ‘O kahi i waiho ai ka hua‘ōlelo The place where the word is presented ‘Eli‘eli kau mai Great awe settles in ‘Āmama, ua noa Completed, kapu is lifted

5. Two world training

6. Recent conflicts between “Science” & Hawaiian Culture Astronomy on Mauna Kea GMO research on kalo (taro) Fishing regulations “Science” is not Hawaiian “Science” is not Hawaiian “Book science” useless when dealing with Hawaiian issues “Book science” useless when dealing with Hawaiian issues

7. We recognize that “science” is a process that is not restricted to Western Civilization, and that ‘Ike Hawai‘i (traditional knowledge) can provide great value to modern endeavors.

8. What is “Science?” An approach to learning marked by: Observation / Empiricism Manipulation / Experimentation Prediction / Modeling Testing / Replication / “Proof” Transmission / Publication

9. Empirical observation

10. Pua ka wiliwili, nanahu ka manō The wiliwili blooms, the shark bites Pua wiliwili Lālani Kalalea

11. Pua ke kō, ku mai ka he‘e The sugarcane are blooming, the octopus are appearing Pua kō He‘e

12. Pala ka hala, momona ka wana The hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fat Hua hala pala Hā‘uke‘uke

13. Lono Your manifestations, O Lono, are in the heavens: The long cloud, the short cloud, the emerging cloud, The peering cloud, cloud unfurling in the heavens

15. kino o Lonoikamakahiki ‘Owāli‘i makali‘i

16. Experimentation / Modeling / Prediction Loko i‘a (fishponds), lo‘i (terraced agriculture), ‘auwai (irrigation channels) Loko i‘a (fishponds), lo‘i (terraced agriculture), ‘auwai (irrigation channels) Hand pollination Hand pollination

18. Testing / Transmission He lohe pepeiao, he ‘ike maka ho‘i A piece of hearsay [or] seen personally He lohe pepeiao, he ‘ike maka ho‘i A piece of hearsay [or] seen personally ‘O ka mea kūpono, pa‘a, ‘o ka mea hewa, kāpae a‘e The correct: retain, the flawed: set aside ‘O ka mea kūpono, pa‘a, ‘o ka mea hewa, kāpae a‘e The correct: retain, the flawed: set aside Selective oral transmission We pass on what we accept as true Selective oral transmission We pass on what we accept as true

19. Pala ka hala, momona ka wana The hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fat Hua hala pala Hā‘uke‘uke

20. Contrasting World Views There are some implied assumptions about Hawaiian vs. Western approaches, especially with regard to world view. There are some implied assumptions about Hawaiian vs. Western approaches, especially with regard to world view. Some of these are oversimplified here, but serve to highlight contrasts Some of these are oversimplified here, but serve to highlight contrasts Let’s explore some examples from the restoration efforts on Kaho‘olawe Let’s explore some examples from the restoration efforts on Kaho‘olawe

21. Western view of land & restoration 1. Land is viewed as a commodity, which one manipulates toward "best use." 2. Biological elements are often manipulated dramatically from “wild” toward human- friendly domesticated forms. 3. People as hired labor to realize scope of work. 4. Plants and animals are objects to be reintroduced to the island. 5. Biological elements are separate from cultural (man-made) elements on the landscape.

22. Hawaiian view of land & restoration 1. Land as conscious entity, reacting to humans in a reciprocal relationship. 2. Ecosystems modified and often semi-wild, key ecological processes intact. 3. People connected spiritually with place, contributing to and benefiting from the place. 4. Plants and animals as conscious individuals and requiring individual attention to thrive. 5. Plants and animals as sacred kinolau of kini akua and part of the cultural landscape.

23. Hawaiian world view example The Hawaiian owl, pueo, is indigenous to Kaho‘olawe, where it feeds largely on non-native rodents. The Hawaiian owl, pueo, is indigenous to Kaho‘olawe, where it feeds largely on non-native rodents. Pueo is, for many Hawaiian families, one of the kinolau of ‘aumakua, to be treated with utmost respect as a revered ancestral form. Pueo is, for many Hawaiian families, one of the kinolau of ‘aumakua, to be treated with utmost respect as a revered ancestral form.

24. Natural vs Cultural Resources The idea that natural resources are also cultural resources means that cultural restoration is not merely devoted to identification & stabilization of artifacts such as rock shrines & petroglyphs but that the living context of the island is valued as part of the foundation & context for cultural stewardship & enrichment. The idea that natural resources are also cultural resources means that cultural restoration is not merely devoted to identification & stabilization of artifacts such as rock shrines & petroglyphs but that the living context of the island is valued as part of the foundation & context for cultural stewardship & enrichment.

25. Objectivity Western science viewed as “coldly objective” Western science viewed as “coldly objective” Hawaiian approach embraces feeling Hawaiian approach embraces feeling Key contrast point between the two Key contrast point between the two Intuition & passion important to both Intuition & passion important to both Dispassionate western science created immoral developments Dispassionate western science created immoral developments To the wise, “what feels right” is right To the wise, “what feels right” is right

26. Validation of “Gut Feelings” The enteric nervous system contains billions of neurons, distributed diffusely along the digestive system, and provides the majority of the mood- altering chemical serotonin. There is a complex feedback system between the enteric nervous system and the CNS. Gershon 2008

27. Reconciliation of Western and Hawaiian approaches Recognition of ecological zones Recognition of ecological zones Manipulative experimentation Manipulative experimentation Transplantation of species Transplantation of species Expert consultation Expert consultation Concern for the future of resources Concern for the future of resources Imposing and lifting of restrictions Imposing and lifting of restrictions Importance of pest control Importance of pest control

28. Hawaiian traditional skills for dryland planting Attention to weather & seasonal climate Attention to weather & seasonal climate Management of semi-wild ecosystems Management of semi-wild ecosystems Well developed agricultural protocols propagation via seeds, cuttings, etc. hand-pollination, cultivars Well developed agricultural protocols propagation via seeds, cuttings, etc. hand-pollination, cultivars Specialized techniques for drylands kuaiwi rock mulching conventional mulching/fertilizing irrigation soil & moisture retention via terracing Specialized techniques for drylands kuaiwi rock mulching conventional mulching/fertilizing irrigation soil & moisture retention via terracing

29. Hawaiian techniques for coordinating cooperative effort Dispute resolution (ho‘oponopono) Dispute resolution (ho‘oponopono) Protocol for unification & joint effort Protocol for unification & joint effort Work viewed as composed of both physical and spiritual aspects Work viewed as composed of both physical and spiritual aspects Moral conduct important during work and vital for success Moral conduct important during work and vital for success

30. Hawaiian culture provides very specific methods dealing with both physical and spiritual needs of land and people Hawaiian culture provides very specific methods dealing with both physical and spiritual needs of land and people Traditional methods for growing and nurturing plants and animals in dryland settings have direct relevance. Traditional methods for growing and nurturing plants and animals in dryland settings have direct relevance. Experimentation, and detailed manipulations of land and living things under expert guidance are not alien to Hawaiian culture, but have traditional precedence. Experimentation, and detailed manipulations of land and living things under expert guidance are not alien to Hawaiian culture, but have traditional precedence. Integration of spiritual and physical efforts on Kaho‘olawe will require continued development of a native Hawaiian cultural approach that looks to the past for foundation, and pulls both practical substance and intangible essence into service. Integration of spiritual and physical efforts on Kaho‘olawe will require continued development of a native Hawaiian cultural approach that looks to the past for foundation, and pulls both practical substance and intangible essence into service. Conclusions (from the Kaho‘olawe Management Plan)

31. Value of ‘Ike Hawai‘i Haka ‘ūa‘u i ka hale uluhe o Lauhaka The Hawaiian petrels nest in the fern house of Lauhaka Haka ‘ūa‘u i ka hale uluhe o Lauhaka The Hawaiian petrels nest in the fern house of Lauhaka

32. Value of ‘Ike Hawai‘i Aia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘i At Kaluako‘i is an adze quarry Aia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘i At Kaluako‘i is an adze quarry

33. Value of ‘Ike Hawai‘i Aia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘i At Kaluako‘i is an adze quarry Aia ke ana ko‘i i Kaluako‘i At Kaluako‘i is an adze quarry

34. The arrangment of ahupua‘a on the island of O‘ahu demonstrates amazing optimization of access to ecosystem resources.