1. Functional Decomposition of Biological Systems Content adapted from: Nagel, J.K.S., Nagel, R.L., Stone, R.B. & Mcadams, D.A., 2010. Function-based, biologically inspired concept generation. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 24, 521-535.

2. Today’s Journey DANE/Ask Nature facilitate searches for biological analogies Functional Modeling provides means to explore a problem while maintaining solution independence Today we talk about a larger process – Creating functional models of biological phenomena – Customer-Driven Bio-Inspired Design Process – Biology-Driven Bio-Inspired Design Process

3. Bio-Inspired Concept Generation Approaches Last LectureDANE/Ask Nature/Others

4. Biological System Functional Decomposition Process 1.Identify a suitable reference source for the system of interest (biology text book, etc.) 2.Learn about the biological system – Be the biologist – Use biological thesaurus to relate flows between engineering systems and biology 3.Define the question – What is the functional model trying to answer? – This is a problem statement 4.Define the mimicry category

5. Biological System Functional Decomposition Process 5.Choose an organization level – Create the blackbox model – Read and investigate literature at this step 6.Develop functional model – Use thesaurus to translate functions – Biologists and engineers talk differently 7.Validate functional model

6. Engineering-to-Biology Thesaurus Most engineers are not biology domain experts Can lead to difficulty understanding biology descriptions

7. Mimicry Categories Physiology: the vital functions and activities of organisms, as opposed to their structure; the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions Morphology: the form and structure of an organism, and the associations among the structures of an organism Behavior: the sum of the responses of an organism to internal or external stimuli Strategy: generic behavior that is exhibited among multiple biological ranks to achieve different goals

8. Levels of Organization Biological systems contain many levels of organization – Organism, organ, tissue, cell, etc. Functional models at different levels of organization can provide different insights and inspiration – Where do you want to “focus” for inspiration?

9. Exercise What different levels of organization might be of interest in a shark and what might you expect to gain insight into for each? Consider each of the following levels: – atomic, molecular, molecular complexes, subcellular, cellular, multicell systems, tissue, organ, multiorgan systems, organism, population, and behavior 10 minutes

10. Exercise What different levels of organization might be of interest in a shark and what might you expect to gain insight into for each? Here are some levels and insights: – Organism – Aerodynamics, energy distribution/efficiency, motion in water, etc. – Organ – Gas exchange (gills), pumping (heart), etc. – Tissue – Low friction surface (skin) – Cell – Small scale motion, small scale assembly, etc.

11. Levels of Organization Since for any one organism or biological system there are many different levels of organization, each providing different insights, many different functional models are possible Choose the level that fits the application best

12. Case Study: Armadillo Function of interest: Defense (Stop Solid) Level of Organization: Organism Note: Only flows and functions relevant to the overall function of interest need to be included in the model

13. Case Study: Armadillo Biological Functional Model

14. Exercise Come up with a functional model of the puffer fish defensive mechanism (swallowing water to make itself look bigger) 15 minutes

15. Exercise Come up with a functional model of the puffer fish defensive mechanism (swallowing water to make itself look bigger)

16. Biological Decomposition Uses Simplifying and translating biological system – Functional decomposition allows the abstraction of a biological system with an interesting function – Once in functional form, the system can then be relatively easily converted into an engineering system design

17. Biological Decomposition Uses Building a design repository database – Decomposing many biological systems and storing the results in a searchable database allows for engineers to find biological inspiration for specific functions – The OSU Design Engineering Lab Design Repository that includes both biological and mechanical systems

18. Design Repository OSU Design Repository – http://repository.designengineeringlab.org:8080/v iew/browse.jsp http://repository.designengineeringlab.org:8080/v iew/browse.jsp