1. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Two: Achieving Psychological Health

2. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Psychological Health Also known as emotional wellness A broadly based concept pertaining to cognitive functioning in conjunction with the way people –Express emotions –Cope with stress, adversity, and success –Adapt to changes in themselves and their environment

3. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Psychological Health Biopsychological model –Biological factors (serotonin/dopamine) –Psychological factors (attitude/self concept) –Social factors (friends, parents) Positive self-concept internal picture of self Positive self-esteem pride, self worth Higher level of emotional intelligence ability to read others and self gardner

4. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Howard Gardner multiple intelligences

5. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Psychologically Healthy People Accept themselves and others Like themselves Give and receive care, love, and support Express full range of emotions (positive and negative) Accepts life’s disappointments Accept their mistakes

6. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Psychologically Healthy People (cont.) Express empathy and concern for others Take care of themselves Trust others as well as themselves Establish goals Can function both independently and interdependently Lead a health-enhancing lifestyle

7. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Self-Esteem Having pride in yourself Treating yourself with respect Considering yourself valuable, important, worthy Feeling good about yourself Having self-confidence, being self-assured Accepting yourself

8. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Emotional Intelligence Ability to understand others and act wisely in human relations Five primary domains: 1.Know your emotions 2.Manage your emotions 3.Motivate yourself 4.Recognize emotions in others 5.Handle relationships

9. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Personality Specific patterns of behavior and traits that identify and characterize an individual –Thoughts –Feelings –Behaviors –Motivation –Instinct –Temperament Two factors that can influence personality: 1.nature (innate factors) 2.nurture (environmental factors)

10. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

11. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization: The highest level of psychological health at which one reaches her or his highest potential and values truth, beauty, goodness, faith, love, humor, and ingenuity Basic needs: Essential and fundamental needs Metaneeds: Secondary concerns that can be addressed only after basic needs are met

12. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Characteristics that Influence Psychological Health Normal range of emotions Creative expression –Nonconformity –Independence –Motivation –Curiosity –Persistence

13. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Characteristics that Influence Psychological Health Spiritual health –Sense of purpose, direction, and awareness –Morals, ethics, intrinsic values, and beliefs

14. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Keys to Psychological Health Cultivate a sense of humor to build a positive outlook on life Laugh - it is contagious ! It makes you live longer-positive feedback

15. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Keys to Psychological Health Develop communication skills to foster improved social relationships –Verbal communication—be a skilled sender and listener –Nonverbal communication—facial expression, eye contact, personal space, body posture. Possibly says more than the words –Managing conflict Listen Focus on what to say and how to say it Use assertive communication with “I” statements IMHO

16. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Optimistic Approach to Life Learned helplessness (Pavlov) vs. learned optimism (Seligman) break the cycle! Three key factors –Permanence—“never,” “always,” “forever” Pessimists view causes of bad events as permanent and tend to give up easily swept away by river currents –Pervasiveness Universal explanations vs. situation specific explanations –Personalization - attribution style Internal vs. external explanatory style

17. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Optimistic Approach to Life Building optimism—reframe thinking about events –Change thoughts and beliefs –Create strategies for solving problems –Be persistent, work to overcome obstacles Self delusion is the key to happiness

18. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Proactive Approach to Life Proactive approach promotes better control of one’s overall life –Construct mental pictures –Accept mental pictures –Undertake new experiences –Reframe mental pictures

19. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Why does this work? Our experiences are altered by our mental state. The lens in which we look at things affects our perception of events.

20. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Psychological Disorders Mood disorders - depression, SAD, bipolar Anxiety disorders- panic, OCD, GAD, phobia, PTSD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Schizophrenia- John Nash, paranoia, voices

21. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mood Disorders: Depression Affects about one in ten Americans Symptoms include –Depressed mood –Lack of motivation, lack of interest in usual activities –Social withdrawal –Disturbed sleep, eating habits Risk factors –Family history –Environmental factors

22. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mood Disorders: Depression Treatment age Rate of identification

23. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mood Disorders: Depression Treatments –Counseling –Medication SSRIs, MAOIs Phenelzine, Li, TADs –Herbal supplements? –Exercise –Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

24. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Neurotransmitters involved in Mood

25. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Nerves

26. Basic nerve function

27. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mood Disorders: Seasonal Affective Disorder Develops in response to changes in the seasons Treatments –Counseling –Antidepressant medications –Light therapy

28. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mood Disorders: Postpartum Depression Affects women in the weeks and months following childbirth Can last from a few days to more than a year Different from postpartum psychosis, which is marked by hallucinations and delusions

29. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Suicide Third leading cause of death for young adults Men have higher rates of suicide than women Risk factors include –Little or no social support –Family history of mental illness and/or suicide –Problems with drugs or alcohol –Possession of a firearm

30. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Suicide The only time procrastination is perfectly acceptable Thoughts on A permanent solution to a temporary problem Will ruin someone’s day, and who wants that on their head?

31. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder Characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania Symptoms of mania –Excessive energy –Racing thoughts and rapid speech –Impulsive and/or reckless behavior Treatment –Psychotherapy –Mood stabilizing medications

32. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) –Intensity and frequency of worry that is excessive and out of proportion to the situation Panic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Phobias (social phobia, specific phobia) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

33. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) An estimated 15 million Americans suffer from ADHD Symptoms often seen in adult cases: –Difficulty getting organized –Chronic procrastination –Frequently searching for high stimulation –Low tolerance for frustration –Low self-esteem

34. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia Characterized by profound distortion of thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior Symptoms may include –Delusions –Hallucinations –Disorganized thinking and speech –Catatonic behavior Treatment with antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy

35. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Health Providers for Psychological Disorders Psychiatrists (MDs) –Treatment often focuses more on medical management and less on talking through problems Psychologists –Includes a variety of subspecialties –Treatment generally focuses on behavior therapy and problem solving Counselors Social workers

36. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Approaches in Treating Psychological Disorders Dynamic therapy –Focuses on forces underlying an individual’s problems; may look at early childhood experiences Humanistic therapy –Client-centered approach based on idea that people can naturally grow in positive and constructive ways Behavior therapy –Focuses on behavior modification Cognitive-behavioral therapy –Focuses on changing cognitive patterns in order to change behavior and emotional state

37. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Approaches in Treating Psychological Disorders (cont.) Solution-focused therapy –Goal-oriented approach that stresses looking for solutions rather than dwelling on problems Couples and family therapy Group therapy –Provides support; group members can also learn from one another’s experiences

38. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ADHD tips Diet low in refined items Study atmosphere without distractions Schedule structure adderall, concerta, ritalin doodlers

39. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Today’s discussion questions If there are certain pills that can increase our feelings of happiness, then shouldn’t we all be taking them to achieve the maximum level? A recent article states that beyond 75 K/year - money can’t buy happiness. Why is this? You can live a week without food, but you can’t live a day without a rationalization

40. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. References http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/642850.html Money can’t buy happiness http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5247NO20090305 Optimists live longer