2. When classifying governments, you can ask five questions to help you classify them: 1. Who can participate? 2. How is power distributed between the central and local governments? 3. How are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches structured? 4. What is the relationship between the legislative and executive branch? 5. What type of electoral systems do they have?

3. 1. Who can participate? The two classifications are authoritarian or democratic

4. 2. How is power distributed between the central and local governments? Decentralized Federal systems of government are decentralized. Centralized Unitary systems are centralized.

5. Federal Systems Advantages Protects ethnic, linguistic, or religious minorities. Serves as a check on ambitious rulers and protects markets and citizen freedoms Allows for experimentation. Citizens may choose the policy that best fits them at the regional level. Disadvantages Limited equality because citizens get different treatments and benefits from different local governments. Encourages national- regional divisions, think the Civil War

6. Unitary Systems Advantages Are in a better position to redistribute resources from richer regions to poorer regions (thus creating more equality) More efficient Disadvantages Local needs are often overlooked by the central government.

7. EU, AoC

8. Sometimes, leaders of unitary systems voluntarily choose to decentralize power Termed Devolution UK with Scotland and Wales To pacify political rivals (intra- or interparty rivalry; devolution in the United Kingdom as an example). To prevent revolution. Ethnic/regional/national cleavages. To increase legitimacy. To increase political participation. Political efficiency (such as distribution of services and tax collection). To increase accountability of local leaders (e.g., China)

9. Quiz: Ideology, Economic Systems, Distribution of Power

10. 3. How are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches structured?

11. Prime Minister and President

12. Types of Executive Systems Presidential Typically, a single chief executive who performs ceremonial and political roles. Both Head of State and Head of Government Terms of office are fixed. Presidents typically have veto power. Separation of powers and checks and balances Parliamentary Typically, a split chief executive Head of State, symbolizes people Head of Government, runs the State and directs activities The influence of the executive rests almost primarily with their influence over the legislature. Terms of office are determined by the maximum term for the parliament. The veto power is used much less frequently, if at all. Fusion of Powers

14. Nations with Prime Minister Systems Red-pure systems Yellow and green—adapted systems

15. Benjamin Netanyahu- Israel Manmohan Singh - India Shinzo Abe- Japan David Cameron David Cameron- UK

16. Presidential Systems--blue

17. Dilma Rousseff- Brazil Enrique Pen͂a Nieto- Mexico Barack Obama Goodluck Jonathan- Nigeria Hassan Rouhani- US

18. Similarities Between Presidential and Parliamentary Systems Chosen through competitive party structures. This often leads to smoother transitions of power. Primarily responsible for foreign policy decisions. Perform system functions… for example, a child’s first encounter with politics is usually through a president or prime minster.

19. Comparing Cabinets PRESIDENTIAL CABINETS The president selects cabinet members and, sometimes, must go through legislative approval. Role is limited. PARLIAMENTARY CABINETS The entire cabinet is subject to the legislature and the prime minister (PM) is just the “first among equals.” The PM must maintain the confidence of the parliamentary majority so they must consult the legislature when choosing a cabinet. There are distinct differences in how a cabinet is formed depending on whether there is a two-party or multi-party system

20. Advantages of Parliamentary Systems Pros Efficiency in passing legislation Clearer accountability Cons Instability, a vote of no confidence can be called at any time Concentration of power and hasty decisions Indirect election of prime minister

21. Advantages of a Presidential System Pros A check of majority rule National mandate Cons Difficulty in removing an unpopular president Gridlock Creeping authoritarianism

22. Bureaucracies The bureaucracy has almost exclusive control over implementing laws and regulations. Executives and bureaucracies mutually depend on each other. Executives need bureaucracies to carry out their policies and make decisions, while bureaucracies need guidance, direction, and resources from the executive. Examples of mutual cooperation: creating budgets and reorganization of administrative capabilities.

23. Bureaucracies Bureaucracies are often called “quasi-legislative” because they often have experts clarify legislation. Bureaucracies can also perform “quasi-judicial” functions because they ensure laws are followed. They monitor and penalize citizens or organizations that do not follow their laws. Laws are, typically, general so implementing and enforcing policies often depends on the interpretations of the bureaucracy. They also have some leeway as to how much they want to enforce certain laws.

24. Comparative Bureaucracies Democracies have bureaucracies with discretionary power that allow them to make some decisions that affect policies Bureaucrats are usually appointed, not elected so they are a source of stability. Usually earned through merit vs. patronage. Although patronage exists. Authoritarian regimes have almost complete control over bureaucracies business. Bureaucrats are more likely to get their jobs through patronage (loyalty and favors) than through merit.

26. Legislative Bodies Assemblies vary in size and organization. Some have one house (unicameral) and some have two (bicameral). Are the two houses equal in strength, is there an upper and lower house? Bicameral adds an extra layer of checks and balances on a system

27. Legislative Bodies All assemblies have committee structures Functions of assemblies include deliberating, debating, and voting on policies that come before them. Their decisions about these policies carry the force of law. Other functions include controlling public spending (power of the purse) and appointment powers.

29. Assemblies are, in theory, representatives of the people. The idea that officials should mirror the characteristics of the citizens as much as possible is known as descriptive representation.

30. Judicial Bodies Constitutional Courts are the fourth type of government body (bureaucracy, legislative, executive branches). The constitutional court is the highest judicial body that rules on constitutionality of laws (judicial review) and other government actions. Judicial power has grown over the past century because of the desire to protect human rights. Judicial Independence: the degree the court is free from the influence of the other branches

31. Code vs. Common Law Common Law Based on precedent Judges modify the system over time with their decisions Originated in the UK UK, US, Nigeria in the South and at the federal level, Hong Kong Code Law (Civil Law) Sometimes known as Continental European law The central source of law that is recognized as authoritative is codifications in a constitution or statute passed by legislature, to amend a code. Only legislative enactments (rather than legal precedents, as in common law) are considered legally binding. China & Russia Religious Law Sharia Law The moral code and religious law of Islam Based on Koran Secondary status for women Lots of capital Crimes Iran, North of Nigeria

32. 4. What is the relationship between the legislative and executive branch?

33. PRESIDENTIAL Branches separate, independent, and co-equal. Chosen independently of legislature, fixed term, and broad powers not controlled by legislative branch. Separation of Powers and Checks and balances Mostly located in Western Hemisphere. Parliamentary Executive (Prime Minister, Premier, President) is from legislative branch. Leader from majority party and chosen from legislative body. Subject to control of Legislature Majority of governments in the world have parliamentary government.

34. Vote of No Confidence A vote of confidence may occur in a parliamentary system when the majority party in the parliament disagrees with a policy or action of the prime minister. If the majority party and the prime minister are in a disagreement on an issue, the prime minster is expected to dissolve the parliament and call for new elections. If citizens vote for a different party to become the majority party, then a successful vote of no confidence has taken place.

35. This may be based on said person falling short in some respect, failing to carry out obligations, or making choices that other members feel are detrimental. As a parliamentary motion, it demonstrates to the head of state that the elected parliament no longer has confidence in (one or more members of) the appointed government. A censure motion is different from a no-confidence motion. "No Confidence" leads to compulsory resignation of the council of ministers whereas "Censure" is meant to show disapproval and does not result in the resignation of ministers. The censure motion can be against an individual minister or a group of ministers, but the no-confidence motion is directed against the entire council of ministers In the Westminster system, the defeat of a supply bill (one that concerns the spending of money) automatically requires the resignation of the government or dissolution of Parliament, much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung. This is called loss of supply. Vote of no confidence is the parliamentary model version of impeachment and removal in the presidential system Chicken Little: What do you mean the government if falling?

36. 5. What type of electoral systems do they have? 1. Single Member Districts (SMD). AKA “winner-take-all”, “first past the post (FPTP)” Follows plurality election rules US’s system

37. Problems with FPTP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7tWHJfhi yo&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7tWHJfhi yo&safe=active

38. 2. Proportional representation (PR) is where the nation is divided into a few (or one), large districts, called multimember districts (MMD), and competing parties offer a list of candidates rather than a single candidate. The number of representatives in the legislature is proportional to the percentage of votes it gets. ► Many nations have a minimum threshold of voters (3-5%)

39. You must copy this chart in your notes

40. Advantages of PR Electoral Systems Pros Minority interests represented Women are more likely to elected to office Emphasis on ideas over personality Cons Too many small parties with disproportionate importance PR systems facilitate extremist parties It can be hard to form coalitions and have stable governments

43. How would a proportional representation with a multimember district system look in the US?

44. The whole nation would be a district and you would vote for a party (there would be around 5 of them) and not a candidate. There is a chance the person in the House would not be from your area. Coalitions form after elections, not before

46. House of Representatives New Look 435 seats in play Election results: Business Party 35% 109 seats-> 117 seats Evangelical Party 23% 100 seats-> 108 seats Tea Party 4% 0 seats Working Class Party 25% 152 seats-> 163 seats African American Party 10% 44 seats-> 47 seats Green Party 3% 0 seats – 5% threshold requirement

47. How would the government form? Working Class Party 25% 109 seats-> 117 seats Evangelical Party 23% 100 seats-> 108 seats Business Party 35% 152 seats-> 163 seats African American Party 10% 44 seats-> 47 seats A coalition would form between two or more groups The Business and Evangelical Parties would form a governing coalition (58%) and the top candidate on the Business ticket would be the new PM with cabinet full of people from both parties

48. Mixed-Member Proportional Representation Explained http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QT0I- sdoSXU&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QT0I- sdoSXU&safe=active

49. Political Parties Advantages to a 2 Party System (Comes from SMD FPTP): There is a closer relationship between representatives and constituencies Governments are more stable The two-party system is more efficient at governing and lawmaking than a multiparty system The two-party system simplifies voters’ decisions The two-party system promotes a greater consensus.

50. Multiparty Systems Multiparty systems (Come from MMD PR) have a combinations of parties, voter support, and election laws that ensure that no single party wins a legislative majority. ► Advantages: The multiparty system provides representation for a greater number of ethnic groups Parties are more accountable Parties are more representative of different divisions in society.

51. Single Party System Sometimes, a single party system emerges for a variety of reasons: A revolution or coup that installs a single party. (Russian Revolution) Emergence of a charismatic leader An economic crisis that leads citizens to unify around a single leader/ party. Constitutional imposition of a single party (NAZI Party in Germany) An external threat that leads citizens to unify around a single party. Ethnic/religious fragmentation. Mexico once had this method ► Advantages: Creates stability by enacting uniform policies More efficient Acts with a single voice Unites different ethnicities into one group.

52. Parliamentary SystemPresidential System Legislative Branch relationship to the Chief Executive Chief Executive (Government Head) Head of State. Election periods Political Parties Examples Removal Separation of Powers

53. Parliamentary SystemPresidential System Legislative Branch Relationship with Chief Executive Parliament elected by voters. The majority party in Parliament chooses the prime minister. Congress elected by voters. Legislative and executive functions are separate. Chief Executive (Government Head) PMPresident Head of StateMonarchPresident Election PeriodsVaried (5 years maximum)Fixed (4 years) Political PartiesOften a multiparty system. Government is formed by a ruling coalition of cooperating parties. Usually a two-party system with third parties holding marginal power. ExamplesIsrael, Great Britain, and her former colonies, such as India, Japan. The United States, Mexico, Nigeria and Brazil. Removal Separation of Powers Removal Separation of Powers

54. Parliamentary System Presidential System Head of Government/ Head of State / / Election Method to Office Election Periods Political Parties Relationship to the executive branch Removal Method Examples

55. Quiz: Free Answers and Hints 7 DO NOT PICK B 8 A 9. E 11. D 14. D

56. Answers: Institutions 1.C 2.D 3.C

57. Answers: Institutions 1.C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.E

58. Answers: Institutions 1.C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.E 10.D 11.D 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.E

59. President and Prime Minister

60. Benjamin Netanyahu Manmohan Singh Shinzo Abe David Cameron

61. Origins of Prime Minister Robert Walpole, 1721 – De facto King George – Absenteeism – No interest – No English!

62. Modern Prime Minister system Benjamin Disraeli – 1868 – 1874-1880 Adopted as Official Title in 1905 “First among equals…”

63. Chairman or Chief? Chairman—facilitator of government Chief—forceful leader of government, leader of policy agenda

64. Presidential Systems--blue

65. Dilma Rouseff Enrique Pen͂a Nieto Barack Obama Goodluck Jonathan Hassan Rouhani

66. Origins of Presidential System

67. Hamilton’s Federalist Papers 67-77

68. Four year term, elected not hereditary Limited length of term Can be removed through impeachment Congress can override veto Commander-in-chief only of those in service Can’t dissolve Congress Treaties must be approved by Senate In short, a president like the governor of New York, not like a king Federalist Number 69

69. Need for energy in the executive “a feeble executive implies feeble execution of the government” Unity in the executive Limited length of terms Adequate support Competent powers But safety against a tyrant Federalist Number 70

70. Clerk or Steward Richard Neustadt

71. [Theodore Roosevelt] took the view that the President as a "steward of the people" should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or the Constitution." I did not usurp power," he wrote, "but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power.“ whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt Taft recognized that his techniques would differ from those of his predecessor. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft did not believe in the stretching of Presidential powers. He once commented that Roosevelt "ought more often to have admitted the legal way of reaching the same ends.“ whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft

72. Churchill and FDR

73. Bush, Blair, and Iraq

74. Obama and Peña Nieto

75. Obama and Netanyahu

76. Parliamentary SystemPresidential System Legislative Branch Parliament elected by voters. The majority party in Parliament chooses the prime minister. Congress elected by voters. Legislative and executive functions are separate. Chief Executive (Government Head) Prime minister who heads council of ministers, or "Cabinet" President, elected by voters, nominates cabinet members. Head of StateOften a constitutional monarch. Legislatures often choose a ceremonial president, who acts as head of state. President is head of state. ElectionsPrime minister can call new elections. Held at fixed intervals. Political PartiesOften a multiparty system. Government is formed by a ruling coalition of cooperating parties. Usually a two-party system with third parties holding marginal power. ExamplesIsrael, Great Britain, and her former colonies, such as India, Japan. The United States, Mexico, Nigeria and Brazil.

77. Presidential System Advantages Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances Direct Mandate Executive authority/decisive authority Stability

78. Presidential System Disadvantages Independent power can lead to authoritarianism Separation of Powers/Gridlock Difficulty in leadership change

79. Prime Minister System Advantages Quicker Legislative Action Collective Cabinet Authority—diversity in leadership Flexibility in Change of Power—votes of no confidence Resistance to authoritarianism

80. Prime Minister System Disadvantages Indirect election of prime minister No separation of powers—executive authority less checked No single executive—first among equals One party dominance Potential instability

81. Are in a better position to redistribute resources from richer regions to poorer regions (thus creating more equality)