1. The delta rule

2. Learn from your mistakes

3. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.

4. Outline Supervised learning problem Delta rule Delta rule as gradient descent Hebb rule

5. Supervised learning Given examplesFind perceptron such that

6. Example: handwritten digits Find a perceptron that detects “two”s.

7. Delta rule Learning from mistakes. “delta”: difference between desired and actual output. Also called “perceptron learning rule”

8. Two types of mistakes False positive –Make w less like x. False negative –Make w more like x. The update is always proportional to x.

9. Objective function Gradient update Stochastic gradient descent on E=0 means no mistakes.

10. Perceptron convergence theorem Cycle through a set of examples. Suppose a solution with zero error exists. The perceptron learning rule finds a solution in finite time.

11. If examples are nonseparable The delta rule does not converge. Objective function is not equal to the number of mistakes. No reason to believe that the delta rule minimizes the number of mistakes.

12. Memorization & generalization Prescription: minimize error on the training set of examples What is the error on a test set of examples? Vapnik-Chervonenkis theory –assumption: examples are drawn from a probability distribution –conditions for generalization

13. contrast with Hebb rule Assume that the teacher can drive the perceptron to produce the desired output. What are the objective functions?

14. Is the delta rule biological? Actual output: anti-Hebbian Desired output: Hebbian Contrastive

15. Objective function Hebb rule –distance from inputs Delta rule –error in reproducing the output

16. Supervised vs. unsupervised Classification vs. generation I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material [pornography] … but I know it when I see it. –Justice Potter Stewart

17. Smooth activation function same except for slope of f update is small when the argument of f has large magnitude.

18. Objective function Gradient update Stochastic gradient descent on E=0 means zero error.

19. Smooth activation functions are important for generalizing the delta rule to multilayer perceptrons.