1. Flow electrification in Micro-porous Filters T. V. Prevenslik 14B, Brilliance Court Discovery Bay, Hong Kong T. V. Prevenslik 14B, Brilliance Court Discovery Bay, Hong Kong 1

2. Flow Electrification Concept: EDL and Convection of impurity ions 1950 … EDL and Zeta potential (van der Minne) 1960... Ion Concentration and EDL (Gavis) Steady source of impurity ions? Steady source of impurity ions? Electrochemical energy – Verification? Electrochemical energy – Verification? 1980 … No Reaction Products (Touchard & Romat) 1996 … No Reaction Products (Touchard & Radke) 2002… No Reaction Products (Nelsen) Electrochemical source never verified Electrochemical source never verified 2

3. EDL and  - Potential The EDL based on the  – potential OK to disperse colloids, but not ionization of impurities, 3 For oils,  ~ 2500 V/m and D ~ 10  m, I ~ 0.0285 eV. But OLOA calcium based detergents ionization potential I > 3 eV, and therefore: Flow has an unknown source of EM energy at least greater than 100 x  potential. Propose the unknown EM energy is cavity QED induced EM radiation.

4. EDL in Filters – Gavis & Wagner 4 d Charged Impurity L e - e - e - e - - + + + + + e - e - ++ + + D (22 mm) (0.1- 0.15 mm) (0.05 – 0.8  m)

5. EDL in filters same as pipe? Gavis did not perform EDL analysis, as in piping, because he found the streaming current uncorrelated with filter length L Gavis did not perform EDL analysis, as in piping, because he found the streaming current uncorrelated with filter length L “discharge cannot occur within the pores at all. Rather, it must occur on the crenellated front surfaces of the filter disk, facing the flow, before the liquid enters the pores themselves.” EDL in the pores not EM energy source EDL in the pores not EM energy source 5

6. Consider Bubbles in Filter Surface 6

7. EM energy in bubble Penetration Depth  Standing VUV wave RR7

8. Cavity QED Induced EM Radiation Low frequency IR radiation is suppressed in a high EM resonant frequency QED cavity.Low frequency IR radiation is suppressed in a high EM resonant frequency QED cavity. Suppressed IR radiation is a loss of EM energy.Suppressed IR radiation is a loss of EM energy. The EM energy loss is gained as Planck energy in the wall of the QED cavity at its resonant EM frequency.The EM energy loss is gained as Planck energy in the wall of the QED cavity at its resonant EM frequency. The Planck energy at VUV levels excites atoms and molecules in the wall of the QED cavity to produce photons and electrons.The Planck energy at VUV levels excites atoms and molecules in the wall of the QED cavity to produce photons and electrons. 8

9. IR Energy Suppressed Spherical Bubble IR Energy Suppressed Spherical Bubble Penetration depth  Energy density T ~ Absolute temperature k ~ Boltzmann’s constant 9

10. Conservation of EM energy 10 Number of Avg. VUV Photons Avg. Planck Energy

11. Average Planck Energy – Water (Absorption of n-Heptane not available) 11

12. No. of VUV Photons – Water (Absorption data of n-Heptane not available) 12

13. Flow – Gavis’ Deduction 13 Gavis’s deduction

14. Charge Density 14

15. 15 Van der Minne mathematical form Streaming Current

16. Fitting of Data The data could not be fit to the filter length L = 0.1 to 0.15 mm. Only if L ~ 9 mm was a reasonable fit found.The data could not be fit to the filter length L = 0.1 to 0.15 mm. Only if L ~ 9 mm was a reasonable fit found. The filter diameter D ~ 22 mm. The filter radius D/2 ~ 11 mm.The filter diameter D ~ 22 mm. The filter radius D/2 ~ 11 mm. Thus, the fit is consistent with flow parallel to the filter surface rather than through the pores as correctly deduced by Gavis.Thus, the fit is consistent with flow parallel to the filter surface rather than through the pores as correctly deduced by Gavis. 16

17. Streaming Current 17

18. Conclusions EDL in pores not source of EM energy Source of EM energy is cavity QED induced EM radiation in bubble nucleation. Impurities in bubbles are excited to produce charged particles and electrons. Impurities in bubbles are excited to produce charged particles and electrons. The streaming current follows the van der Minne relation. 18

19. Future Paper on EDL Steady uniform light emission over large area of flowSteady uniform light emission over large area of flow The evacuated gap between flow and channel surfaces (not a EDL) is likely source of the steady light emission.The evacuated gap between flow and channel surfaces (not a EDL) is likely source of the steady light emission. No idealized Stern layer and idealized EDL charge distribution.No idealized Stern layer and idealized EDL charge distribution. “Anyone trying to actually measure the phenomenon [flow electrification] realizes that it is too elusive to be explained by the EDL” Keilab, 2000.“Anyone trying to actually measure the phenomenon [flow electrification] realizes that it is too elusive to be explained by the EDL” Keilab, 2000. Depth 1.5 mm 30 mm Flow 10 mm Washio et al, Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 215 Part J, (2001) 373 19

20. Proposed Mechanism Penetration Depth  Standing VUV wave 20 Wall hh Line of Pipe Symmetry Flow is steadily recharged by cavity QED induced EM radiation. + e-e- e-e- e-e- + + + + + + +